238 S. SAGUCHI 



author claims, with Eimer, that the cuticular border of the 

 ciUated cell, as seen by Eberth, Marchi and many others, is 

 nothing but the juxtaposition of the 'Fussstiicke.' Similar 

 bodies were afterwards found by Gaule ('81) and Frenzel ('86). 

 Especially the latter author recognized the presence of Engel- 

 mann's ' Fussstiicke' in ciliated cells from various classes of in- 

 vertebrates and gave the name of ' Fussstabchen' to them. Ac- 

 cording to him, the length and the structure of these corpuscles 

 vary in various animals and situations. In the simplest case it 

 consists of a rod with a small knob at one or both ends, but the 

 most complex one he found in the intestine of Littorina and Ris- 

 soa, which is composed of the following five segments: (1) the 

 lower knob, (2) the basal block, (3) the side-knob, (4) the rod, 

 and (5) the upper knob. 



It is difficult at the present time to harmonize the 'rod theory,' 

 urged by Engelmann, Frenzel and others, with the so-called 

 'cuticular theory' of Eberth and Marchi; for the same structure 

 is materially influenced by the technique and by the character 

 of the optical instruments used. Most of the recent investi- 

 gators (Schiefferdecker '91, Apathy '97, Lenhossek '98, Heiden- 

 hain '99, Studnicka '99, '00, Gurwitsch '01, Wallengren '05,Kuper- 

 wieser '06, Erhard '10, Tschassownikow '13) have found a well- 

 defined cuticle in the ciliated cell, through which the cilia pass. 

 Lenhossek especially expresses himself as follows: i 



Der Versuch von Engelmann und Frenzel, die Existenz einer eigent- 

 lichen Ciiticula in Frage zii stellen und das, was man als solche be- 

 sehrieben hat, bloss als das Ergebiiiss der mosaikartigen Ziisammen- 

 lagerung der vertikalen basalen Telle der Flimmerhaare zu erklaren, 

 muss als verfehlt bezeichnet werden. Die 'altere Ciiticiilartheorie,' 

 wie sie Frenzel nennt, ist noch immer richtige. 



Brasil ('04) still maintains, in the ciKated intestinal cells of 

 Pectinaria, the existence of rod-like basal differentiations of the 

 cilia, which correspond, according to him, to the basal rods of 

 Frenzel. Studnicka ('99), on the other hand, finds the cuticle 

 in some cases, in others not, but an arrangement of rod-like cor- 

 puscles. 



