THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ELASMOBRANCH LIVER 



I. THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER 

 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVER DUCTS AND GALL-BLADDER 



RICHARD E. SCAMMON 



From the Institute of Anatomy, University of Minnesota 



FIFTY-FOUR FIGURES 



CONTENTS 



PART I. The early development of the liver 



I. Introduction 333 



II. Literature 334 



III. Development of the liver in embryos from 3.0 to 10.0 mm. in length .... 338 



IV. Conclusions 350 



PART II. The development of the liver ducts and gall bladder 



I. Description of fully formed biliary apparatus 356 



II. Development of the hepatic ducts and their rami 359 



III. Development of the gall bladder and cystic duct 376 



IV. Development of the ductus choledochus 380 



V. General Summary 386 



Bibliography 390 



I. INTRODUCTION 



The development of the elasniobranch h\^er offers many 

 problems of interest not only for themselves, but because of their 

 bearing upon questions regarding the structure of this organ 

 in the vertebrates in general. The hepatic duct system shows 

 here in its earlier stages a number of characters which are masked 

 in forms which are more complicated or which undergo a more 

 rapid development and in later stages the organ exhibits a num- 

 ber of peculiarities of interest in the light of recent work on the 

 relation of parenchymous to vascular structures. 



333 



THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANAXOMT, VOL. 14, NO. 3 



