400 GEORGE T. HARGITT 
The fragmentation of the nucleolus and the transference of 
its substance into the cytoplasm is, therefore, in correspondence 
with the staining reactions, for the material which is emitted 
from the nucleus has the same staining reaction as chromatin 
and the origin of the nucleolus from the nuclear spireme would 
explain the appearance. It has been shown that the chromidia, 
so-called, in the cytoplasm have come from the nucleolus and their 
chromatic relation is thereby explained, since the chromatin 
earlier entering the nucleolus leaves it later and goes into the 
cytoplasm to serve a particular purpose. 
It may be added that Gonothyraea lovenii from Naples was 
sectioned and showed almost the same relations of nucleolus as 
Campanularia flexuosa. There was perhaps a little less variation 
in the form of the particles (none of them showed the arborescent- 
like forms shown in figs. 11 and 12) but there was always a frag- 
mentation about the same period, and it continued about as long, 
so the agreement is very close. Bergh (’79) described the break- 
ing up of the nucleolus into many pieces of various sizes and shapes 
and observed it in the living eggs of Gonothyraea. 
The nucleolus, then, as its activities and functions have been 
conceived and outlined in the foregoing, would appear to be a 
‘trophonucleus’ in the sense of Goldschmidt (’04). As is well 
known, this author conceived the nuclei of all animal cells to be 
double, a somatic (or better, vegetative) and a reproductive nu- 
cleus, which were usually united within a single nucleus which he 
called the ‘amphinucleus.’ He found from his own investigations 
that in the egg cells a separation came when a portion of 
the nuclear matter passed into the cytoplasm in the form of 
grains, to which were given the name of ‘chromidia,’ and this 
emission from the nucleus came only during the time of yolk 
formation. His point of interest was, not whether this extruded 
chromatin went to form yolk or whether it was a sort of regulative 
process for the reproductive chromatin, but that this process 
did establish a close relation of chromidia formation with a spe- 
cially active somatic function. For the chromidia were determined 
to be isolated particles of the chromatin of the nucleus and they 
were in the place of highest somatic functioning, that is, in the cyto- 
