CHROMOSOME STUDIES 241 



The loops of the 'bouquet-stage' result from the pairing of Vs. 

 The points on these which, following Montgomery ('03), she 

 thought were points of junction of homologous chromosomes in 

 telosynapsis, I believe were constrictions at the apices of V's 

 in parasynapsis. In the metaphase her perpendicular rings and 

 E-shaped figures are the result of the separation of V's in re- 

 duction, as in Chorthippus. 



In Amphibia Flemming ('87) figures (fig. 23), I believe, a 

 three-ring chromosome of stage 'j,' like my no. 7-11 of figure 174. 

 In the first maturation division the majority of his chromosomes 

 (figs. 21-25) are in the perpendicular-ring condition — a late 

 'k' or early T stage (my fig. 183b). Many show the cross- 

 form on the side of the ring which is derived from the longest 

 arms of the V's concerned in making the ring, as in Chorthippus. 

 In anaphases (stage T) of these chromosomes (figs. 26, 28) 

 the V's — unequal-armed, equal-armed, and hook-formed — are 

 each split longitudinally in preparation for the second sperma- 

 tocyte division. This phenomenon suggested to Flemming the 

 name 'heterotypical' for this division. For Salamandra the 

 Schreiners ('06b) have shown in figures 13 and 14 the 'i' stage, 

 though it is incorrectly represented with loops crossing ; at figures 

 15 to 20, the ',/' stage; and at figures 22 to 25, the perpendicular 

 rings in late 'k^ stage, similar to my figures 183a and 183b. In 

 figure 27, at the left, is a perpendicular-ring chromosome with 

 horizontal ring almost identical to my figure 182c. 



Montgomery ('03) saw in Amphibia the constriction at the 

 apex of V's in parasynapsis (stage 'h') similar to my figures 

 163 to 165, 168, but interpreted this constriction as the point 

 of junction in telosynapsis of two spermatogonial chromosomes. 

 I believe that he wrongly identified this point of constriction 

 with the point of separation between the distal ends of the limbs 

 of the V's, which, in the final stages of disjunction, form, as in 

 Chorthippus, the long perpendicular rings of the first maturation, 

 late metaphase. In other words, he thought the point of seg- 

 mentation at the apex of the V's in parasynapsis was the same 

 as the ends of the limbs of the V's in the metaphase (see his fig. 8). 

 His final results were correct, but his interpretation of the stages 



