314 E. G. Spaulding 



formula, with the result that the successful application of the 

 former to segmentation would mean also the validity of the latter 

 and therefore of the Four Laws for this event. To it there would 

 apply, then, the principles of Determinism, Potential Difference, 

 Conservation, etc. 



But these laws are, seemingly, largely if not wholly quantitative, 

 while on the other hand the organism, e. g., the ovum, is qualita- 

 tive as well as quantitative. What, then, is the relation of these 

 Laws to the qualities, and what are these t 



To answer the former question first, it may be said, that qual- 

 ities in both the inorganic and the organic world are, at the same 

 time that they are qualities, also quantities; and quantities are 

 either extensive or intensive. Of qualities certain empirical laws 

 are discoverable, while between these laws similarities are in turn 

 found which lead to the Four Laws epitomized in equation [8]. 

 Thus we get a "natural classification" of laws. From this it will 

 be seen that the generic characteristics, so expressed, have the 

 relation to that from which they are derived of being ultimately 

 incorporate in the concrete qualities, and that they do not, although 

 they are predominantly quantitative, simply exist alongside of these 

 as a separate and distinct aspect. Rather, the Four Laws express 

 the common quantitative aspects of these concrete qualitative- 

 quantitative phenomena. 



This view is directly opposed to that which regards the Four 

 Laws, because quantitative, as "not touching" the concrete qual- 

 ities, and then finds that these last, because not so "touched," 

 furnish opportunity, especially in organisms, for Indeterminism, 

 Regulation, Freedom, Entelechies, etc. 



But what are the qualities themselves ? Are they not of things, 

 events and relations.^ Our answer is: Let "thing" be equated 

 with system; then system implies parts, and these may be either 

 atoms, or coexisting energies, or both. In either case some of the 

 qualities of the "thing" result from the cooperation of the parts 

 or elements, whose qualities are different from those of the whole 

 which they form, the test being, that if isolated their qualities are 

 found to be unlike those resultant ones; this bringing about by the 

 parts of qualities which they themselves have not, may be called 



