280 N. E. McINDOO 



This extreme restlessness without sufficient food was certainly 

 the cause of their shortened life. 



3. Fighting is very fatal. It was usually prevented by using 

 bees taken from the same hive at the same time. Often bees 

 which had been separated while fighting never attacked any 

 other bee again, but lived thereafter in peace. 



4. Several times, during damp days especially, when sugar 

 had accumulated on the floor of the case, all the bees in a case 

 died within a short time. An examination showed that they 

 had become coated with this wet sugar and were unable to clean 

 themselves. This coating caused them to appear dark several 

 hours before they died and evidently was the cause of their 

 death. 



OLFACTORY EXPERIMENTS 



The following sources of odor were used for determining the 

 reactions of the bees in observation cases: Chemically pure 

 essential oils of peppermint, thyme, and wintergreen ; bee foods, 

 honey, and comb, and pollen from old combs; parts of plants, 

 flowers of honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), leaves and bits of the stem 

 of pennyroyal (Hedoma pulegioides?), of spearmint (Mentha 

 spicata), and of scarlet sage (Salvia sp.); and bee stings. These 

 substances were kept in stoppered vials of the same shape and 

 size. The parts of plants were used only so long as they remained 

 fresh. Bee stings were obtained by seizing workers by the legs 

 with a pair of forceps and holding them to a meat ringj. In 

 a few seconds the bee invariably stung the rind and its sting 

 was pulled out. The stings with the adhering poison sacs and 

 muscles were immediately put into a tightly stoppered vial. One 

 hundred such stings were used at a time and give characteristic 

 irritating and pungent odor. At first this odor is similar to that 

 emitted when a bee stings an object, but after a few hours it 

 becomes somewhat different, not quite so irritating but more pun- 

 gent. In 24 hours this odor becomes foul and unpleasant and 

 after 48 hours it is one of the foulest and most offensive that one 

 can experience. These stings were used not longer than 20 

 hours after removal. 



