342 N. E. McINDOO 



t 



that their abiUty to smell is greatly reduced. In the honey bee 

 these pores are olfactory organs, and perhaps the same is true 

 for all insects because they are common to all orders of insects 

 and possibly are homologous to the lyriform organs of spiders 

 (Mclndoo '11). As yet they have never been looked for in 

 crustaceans, but it is very probable that this class of arthropods 

 possesses similar organs. 



The following criticisms concerning the physiological experi- 

 ments performed with the antennae of various insects may be 

 offered. Most of the previous observers have studied the be- 

 havior of the insects investigated in captivity for only a short 

 time, while the remainder have paid no attention at all to the 

 behavior of their unmutilated insects. They cut off either a 

 few joints of both antennae, or these entire appendages, or var- 

 nished them with paraffin, rubber, and so forth. When a few 

 joints are severed the sense of smell is apparently weakened. 

 This is true for bees also. When both antennae are amputated 

 or varnished the insects, as a rule, fail to respond to substances 

 which normally affect the olfactory sense. They generally fail 

 to respond to odors held near them and fail to find food in cap- 

 tivity, and do not return to putrid meat and dead bodies when 

 removed from such food. Males so mutilated as a rule do not 

 seek females and show no responses when females are placed 

 near them. Such experiments were seriously criticised until 

 Hauser in 1880 presented his apparently conclusive results. 

 Many of the insects on which he experimented with the anten- 

 nae amputated became sick and soon died. Most of them failed 

 to respond when the antennae were mutilated, although Carabus, 

 Melolontha, and Silpha responded slightly, while all the Hemip- 

 tera that he used responded almost as well with their antennae 

 off as they did with them intact. Only 40 per cent of the ants 

 from which Miss Fielde ('01) cut the antennae recovered from 

 the effect of the shock. Not one of these observers has studied 

 the behavior of the species under observation sufficiently to 

 know exactly how long they live in captivity with 'their antennae 

 either intact or mutilated. No one, except Miss Fielde, has 

 kept a record of the death of the mutilated and normal insects 



