OLFACTORY SENSE OF THE HONEY BEE 345 



can not be the olfactory organs in all insects, for they are absent 

 in many male bees and almost wanting in Lepidoptera, although 

 possibly the end rods in butterflies and moths are homologous. 

 According to Vom Rath ('95) pegs are found not only on the 

 antennae and mouth parts but also all over the body, and Nagel 

 ('94) found them elsewhere than on the antennae. If the pegs 

 are the olfactory organs and if insects with amputated antennae 

 are normal, then why do not such insects respond positively at 

 least slightly to odors instead of negatively, as most observers 

 claim? 



It is certain that spiders can smell, yet they have no antennae 

 nor any organs that may be compared to the antennal organs of 

 insects. Hence, this is another argument against the antennae 

 being organs of smell. All insects either have antennal organs 

 like those described for the bee, or modifications of them, yet 

 no two. authors who have studied them have agreed concerning 

 their function. Such chaos can be replaced by facts, only when 

 the behavior of the insects investigated is thoroughly studied 

 and when experiments are performed in ways other than on the 

 antennae alone. Then it will be realized that the antennae can 

 no longer be regarded as the seat of the sense of smell in insects. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Breithaupt, p. F. 1886 Ueber die Anatomie und die Functionen der Bienen- 

 zunge. Arch. f. Naturgesch., Bd. 52, pp. 47-112, with 2 tables. 



Briant, T. J. 1884 On the anatomy and functions of the tongue of the honey 

 bee (worker). Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., London, vol. 17, pp. 408-416" 

 with two plates. 



Child, C. M. 1894 Ein bisher wenig beachtetes antennales Sinnesorgan der 

 Insekten, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Culiciden und Chiro- 

 nomiden. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. 58, pp. 475-528. 



Field, A. M. 1901 Further study of an ant. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel- 

 phia, vol. 53, pp. 521-544. 



1903 Artificial mixed nests of ants. Biol. Bui., vol. 5, no. 6, Novem- 

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FoREL, AuGXJSTE 1874 Les fourmis de la Suisse. Ouvrage Soc. Helvetique des 

 Sci. Nat. 



1885 Etudes myrmecologiques en 1884. Bui. Soc. Vaudoise Sci. Nat., 

 vol. 20 (2), no. 91, p. 334. 



THE JOXRXAI. OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY, VOL. 16, NO. 3 



