622 JONATHAN RISSER 



In a subsequent trial with Toad No. 1 mealworms placed 

 among dungworms were taken after they had moved away from 

 the dungworms. Broken pieces of dungworm taken into the 

 mouth were followed by the wiping action. The exudate alone 

 did not affect the toad in a similar manner. Although the odor 

 was evident on mealworms smeared with the exudate,' this did 

 not hinder them from being taken, the only effect being a pecu- 

 liar 'gaping' action after the mealworm had been swallowed. 



To determine whether the color of the mealworm was a 

 deciding factor, attempts to approximate the color of earth- 

 worms and dungworms were made. Mealworms tinted to re- 

 semble the color of the earthworms were taken without hesitancy. 

 Such mealworms were always taken from among fragments of 

 dungworms and earthworms. 



In some trials for determining the effect of distinctly ab- 

 normal odors and natural foods, the following observations were 

 recorded. 



The toads experimented upon were No. 3, which was very 

 responsive, and No. 4, which was sluggish. Dungworms were 

 put in the experimental cage in a Petri dish. They attracted 

 the attention of Toad No. 3, but otherwise it did not respond. 

 The dungworms were then cut up and again placed in the cage, 

 but again the toads did not react. Mealworms were now sub- 

 stituted for the dungworms and* No. 3 immediately took two of 

 these. Oil of pennyroyal was put on certain mealworms and 

 when these were introduced, two were taken by Toad No. 3. 

 No discomfort was shown by the toad. Fragments of dungworms 

 were placed in the cage, but were not taken by the toads. 

 Mealworms covered with dungworm juice were quickly taken, 

 and accidentally one piece of a dungworm was taken and 

 swallowed; another piece was brushed from the mouth. The 

 mouth was opened several times in succession as though the 

 fragment of worm had been unpalatable. 



Four days later the same toads took mealworms with the 

 juice of dungworms, and the exudate smeared upon them. Both 

 toads took mealworms smeared with oil of pefinyroyal unhesi- 

 tatingly. Again later, the same toad, No. 3, did not discrimi- 



