Crews - p. 2 
Crews is well aware that some aspects of this story may be species- 
specific and others (e.g. the absence of any importance for dewlap color) 
probably depend upon the fact that carolinensis in the United States is a 
"solitary" anole over most of its range. (In fact, its contacts are only 
with local populations of recently introduced species.) Hence Crews would 
like to extend his studies to other species and to systems of two and more 
species, 
Crews' concern with the importance of a functional dewlap for courtship 
and hence for female receptivity has led him to make a detailed analysis of 
the display repertoire in Anolis carolinensis (a species, oddly enough, not 
previously studied). 
He recognizes four display types: challenge, courtship, submission and 
assertion, Each of these has a characteristic sequence of motor patterns 
common to all observed individuals, but shows variation in patterning between 
or also within the behavior of individual lizards, 
Thus, in the challenge display variation occurred between individuals 
but each individual had his own distinct display pattern which he performed 
consistently. Courtship and assertion displays both varied within indi- 
viduals, but the courtship display more so, Most of the variation in both 
was in the number of head bobs performed before, during and after dewlap 
extension, In the submission display no patterning was evident; submissive 
head nodding was rhythmical, with the number of head nods being highly 
correlated with the mean duration of the display. 
The greater variation between individuals than within individuals 
suggests that the challenge display, and possibly the assertion display, may 
aid in individual recognition. Crews has noticed that, while newly intro- 
duced females will submissively head nod in response to the initial challenge 
display of the resident male, regardless of their physiological state, 
females that have been previously housed with that male often will not. The 
familiarity of the cage does not seem to be an important factor in this 
response, since females already familiar with a particular male will not 
usually head nod to the male's challenge display even when placed in an 
otherwise strange cage. Similarly, males that have fought with another male 
and lost will immediately exhibit the subordination display when challenged 
by the same male in the same or a different cage. This recognition appears 
to persist, since both males and females will continue to respond appropriately 
after having been separated from one another for as long as 14 weeks, 
Crews would infer, therefore, that the part of at least certain display 
patterns common to all members of a species may aid in species recognition 
while each animal's unique variation on this theme may serve for individual 
recognition. 
A word of advice to all those trying to raise and/or maintaín anoles ín 
the laboratory. Try to simulate (as closely as possible) the environmental 
(physical as well as climatic) conditions the species normally experiences 
during the breeding season. Everything may hinge on a single variable, For 
example, Crews has found that female carolinensis will not become reproductively 
active if the relative humidity is less than 50%. 
