141 
recognised as a food, but never cultivated as in Abe seas. In 
some Fulani communities a girl at marriage brings to the new 
household, perhaps as evidence of her ability to adertalld the 
cares of housekeeping, a large calabash of the Ain soe sr of 
each of the staple foods such as guinea corn, maize, the 
meal of this species is included in the list, from which one must 
suppose that its value as a food is better recognised by the Fulani 
than by the Hausas. 
An unexpected find amongst the Batta Pagan tribe on the river 
was Trapa bispinosa. This “floating plant, unknown so far 
have seen in the Hausa States, is called in Fufulde “ birijin liam ” 
(or “water arachis”), and appears to be cultivated in a sporadic 
manner by the riverine Pagan tribes in pools and marshes as it is in 
China cs Tibet, the edible tuber being a sort of water caltrops. 
an on hig hills varies his culture slightly from that 
of the Falani of the plains to suit the exigencies of his natural 
surroundings, but removal of his fear of a Fulani raid permits the 
extension of field operations beyond the Stet neighbourhood 
of the hill on which the village is placed. Guinea-corn and maize 
are cultivated where possible, the indispensable jigari for convivial 
purposes, obsequies of a chief and such festive occasions, and always 
a little cotton, even if only on their rock-stream declivities in pockets 
of soil laboriously carried from below to replace that yearly washed 
away by the rains from between the bases - the granite boulders. 
Voandezia subterranea (“ kwaruru,” or “ gujia,” Fufulde, “ debbi”) 
and Arachis hypogaea (“ gedda,” Fufulde, “ hiv ”) can be grown on 
mere granite grit of gravel of the foot hills. “ Aiya” (Fufulde, 
* watuje ”), the small tuber of a species of Cyperus, is a staple food 
amongst the Pagans, and is cultivated also by their Mohammedan 
neighbours and “former oppressors, who declare however that as a 
food it * does not fill the belly.” 
The Fulani who occupy permanent farming villages on the 
plains, between the river and the hills, live under rather miserable 
circumstances and appear to be worse off or less adaptive than their 
Pagan neighbours. The latter cultivate, in addition to guinea-corn, 
the reales of the cow, get some dried fish, or as a luxur 
kanwa or Bornu salt. To replace this necessary condiment both 
Pagans and the poorer Fulani use ashes prepared from various 
plants. Thus, on the plains the leaves of the “ giginia ’ sete 
(Fufulde, “ dutbi ”) Borassus flabelliformis, and certain wild gra 
which grow near the marshes, are burnt for this purpose, white ‘the 
hill tribes being, as a rule, without the palm, use ashes from grass and 
the wood of some trees, e.g., the shrub ye ee senegalensis, 
(“ namijin ily ” Fufulde, “tultulde”). The and Chamba 
Pagans of both British and German Adamawa appear to supply the 
lack of fish by a soup made from rats, but being expert Sititers they 
are seldom without the larger deer. 
As pot-herbs any of the following may be found as ingredients 
for aden amongst both types of ee okra,” Hibiscus esculentus, 
