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represent the remains of an ancient flora which managed to survive 
the glaciation of the island similar to that from which Heard Island 
is now emerging, and that the remainder of the flora with its 
Fuegian facies must be regarded as a recent immigrant, which, 
owing to the direction of the prevailing wind, has come from South 
America. Pelagic birds are regarded as the main agents in carrying 
the seeds, and it is pointed out in support of this view that most 
Kerguelen plants have seeds which permit of such a mode of 
transport. Certain Fuegian plants are found in New Zealand 
and the Southern Islands, and several of these also occur in Ker- 
guelen, This, however, is not taken to indicate the possibility of a 
former great extension of the Antarctic continent, but rather points 
to the general circumpolar character of the Antarctic vegetation. 
In the Southern Islands fifty-three endemic species are found, and 
some interesting notes are appended to each. Many of these are 
confined to a single island, which points to the relative antiquity 
and long isolation of the several islands. Two groups are distin- 
guishable among the endemic plants—one of an ancient, the other 
of a more modern character, the latter showing fairly close affinity 
with New Zealand. Among the ancient types—including some 
thirty-two species—Pleurophyllum, Stilbocarpa, Ligusticum (Um- 
belliferae), Celmisia (Ionopsis section) are some of the most charac- 
teristic, and probably represent the relics of a former wide-spread 
flora. The more recent plants appear to be of the nature of immi- 
grants from New Zealand, which have arrived after the separation 
of the islands. Thirdly, there is a small Fuegian element of recent 
origin, and not found in New Zealand, probably due to transport 
by pelagic birds. This includes Ranunculus biternatus, Colobanthus 
subulatus ( Caryophyllaceae), and Azorella Selago ( Umbelliferae). 
It is suggested that Cotula plumosa (Compositae), and Veronica 
elliptica are really New Zealand or Southern Island plants which 
ave been conveyed thence to Kerguelen and Fuegia i ME 
and that Sophora tetraptera offers an analagous case as the see 
may have floated from New Zealand to Chile and Juan Fernandez. 
Our author then concludes that the flora of the Southern Islands, 
comparatively recent severe glaciation of the Antarctic region 
which he, no doubt rightly, holds responsible for the destruction of 
the ancient antarctic flora of the cireumpolar area, but the remnants 
of which can still be seen in the remarkable Pringlea and perhaps 
also in Lyllia and Colobanthus kerguelensis of Kerguelen and in 
the Stilbocarpa-Pleurophyllum group of the Southern Islands. 
eS oe ce a a le 
