214 COMPOSIT.E. 
Is any stress to be laid on the external dilatation of the 
apex of the peduncle? when present it gives an idea of a 
multi-partite, not a polyphyllous involucrum. 
Can the union of the ovary to the calyx be identified by 
the number of layers visible on a transverse section, as in 
those with biseriate pappus, and no. (1) 401, p. 230 in which 
the limb of the calyx is annular, the pappus arising internally. 
Link I think lays some stress upon the distinction be- 
tween pappus and palez of the receptacle, ——what is it? 
Plumose pappus is only an excess of development of the 
dentata. 
Can the difference between a tubular corolla, and that 
which arises from an abortion of the ligula be always dis- 
tinguished by the papillose oblique mouth of the latter ? 
What do these papille represent, are they always present 
— inthose in which the ligula is imperfectly developed? and 
which I take to be the case whenever the vascular fascicles 
are imperfectly developed. In such case they will represent 
lobes of the corolla: vice-versa are they absent in those, 
in which the ligula may be supposed to be perfect, what is 
the cause of a ligulate corolla, and what is its estivation ? 
Mr. Brown says that the vessels unite with the apices 
of each lacinia. In those which I have examined this is not 
the case. 
To what is the cohesion of the anthers to be attributed? 
particularly in those cases in which the substance of their 
cells seems to pass into each other. 
They can scarcely, be distinct in an early stage. 
The difference in the form of the stigmata in the radical 
and discal flowers of those in which the former are imper- 
fectly corolline, or perhaps in all radiate, is worthy of notice, 
and points out an imperfection pervading every part, but the 
ovula excepted. 
Is much dependence to be placed on the articulation of 
the style in Carduacez ? This occurs in all, and its distinct- 
ness here only dépends on the great development of the 
epigynous disk, 
