184 
ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE TRADE OF EUROPE. 
Mention has been made of the use which the slavers made of 
ground-nus as food for their captives. They drew their i ey - 
st, it seems, from the West Indies; =a = came ag 
ffic and attempts to the nut in im 
more northern places helped to fakiilievine: picutis Europe 
with it. 
Even as early as 1697 Stisser grew it in Brunswick Sinha 
and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, ed. 2, London, 1879, p. 187) ; 
1712 it had been ¢ cya under glass in England (see T'r sop 
ees iii. 507), an d in 1723 it was in the Royal Garden at 
Montpe ere , however, it soon died out (Heuzé, Les plantes 
13 
was again i n En gland ; an 1d in n 1769 Sir William Watson veep ines 
pods and a oil to the Royal Spee while he read a memoi 
it, communicated to him by George Brownrigg of North Cosstine 
(Phil Trans., aoe pp. 379-383). 
787 t quantity of seed was brought to Spain and 
riugal, ethene its Cow promised well, and it is of great 
fenaeee to learn from Ten who himself experimented with it 
in ye (Napoli, Atti Ist. a ehoage i. (1811), p. 31), that in 1807 
uses of its seeds were to yield an oil for soap-making and as 
a substiate for almond oil in pharmacy, while powdered, they 
served as a substitute for cacao (1 Arachis seed mixed with 
anxious to obtain it, and from Heuzé’s account—more correct than 
that of any other recent writer—the following is borrowed :— 
“In 1801, Lucien Bonaparte, then Ambassador at the Court of 
Madrid, sent seeds to M. Méchi 
widely grown on a large scale Fh the departments of Basses- 
Pyrénées, Pyrénées-orientales, Gard, Bouches du Rhone, Vaucluse 
Isére, ane and Dréme. veryw 
that it was a reliable oil-seed, and uld assuredly grow 
Southern France. The political troubles of 1808 to i815 "Rorted 
the experiments, and the cultivation of Arachis was a abandoned. 
i in oon to 1822, at the time when the olive 
rge measure destroy ed by frost, fr 
‘imenssbved; ill-d sitirected, and without result 
undertaken them, in saree th the enterprise, reported that 
€ we essary bey ore obtaining the oil, and that 
operation, and, secondl no 
wg Sears ae ry pe 9 dly, that there was 
Again, the winter of 1830 wrought serious h: live 
(Coutance, L’Olivier, Paris, 1877, oo fee's 
olive oil remained at a high price. 
some lubricant as 4 substitute. Ground-nut oil, in 1837, was 
found to serve. A Marseilles firm had put on to the market as an 
experiment some four or five kilogrammes (Dumas ex Poiteau in 
-yards 
p. 210), and for some time 
wool-carders to 
