August, 1901] 



PSYCHE. 



233 



to 1600 nests of it. The nests which I 

 have seen were all quite conical and 

 built almost exclusively of earth, with 

 scarcely any commingling of leaves and 

 fibrous debris. Some have a little more 

 woody material. Integra, still larger, 

 more dimorphic, of a handsome red with 

 the abdomen ashy black, lives at the 

 foot of trees or decayed trunks, fills the 

 interstices of bark, etc., with woody de- 

 bris and pine needles which stop up 

 "everything, without forming a dome ris- 

 ing above ground. The entire nest is 

 excavated in the earth or in wood. This 

 species rises upon its hind legs, curves 

 the abdomen, YxVo. pratcnsis (this is not 

 done by exsectouies) and ejects, as far 

 as I have been able to observe, some 

 venom while in this position. Dr. 

 Faisons has shown me in a pine wood 

 here at Faisons a considerable colony 

 of about thirty nests of this species. 

 These nests were connected with each 

 other by tortuous roads quite similar to 

 those of our F. praicnsis of Europe, but 

 narrower, deeper, and above all almost 

 entirely covered, that is to say, carefully 

 covered over with woody materials sim- 

 ilar to those of the nest. Only at cer- 

 tain places were they uncovered for a 

 length of a few centimeters. The fact 

 is very curious and quite new ; I think 

 that they try thus to protect themselves 

 from birds and other enemies. These 

 roads lead to the trees and nests. The 

 latter somewhat resemble those of tnnici- 

 cola of Europe. Obscuripes occurs enly 

 in the Far West ; I have not yet found 

 obscuri%)entris. 



As Emery has shown, our slave-mak- 

 ing Foniiica, F. sangiiinea, is represented 

 in America by several varieties. All 

 those that I have observed at Niagara, 

 Worcester, Morganton, Tyson's and 

 likewise here, attack Formica stibscruea, 

 often much larger than themselves, and 

 carry off the pupae. All the formicaries 

 which I have observed have a large 

 number of slaves, more than in Europe ; 

 the slaves in the nest are often more 

 numerous than the sanguwca. I have 

 seen several expeditions and two remov- 

 als of sanguinca. The expeditions take 

 place in the morning and the pupae are 

 carried back in the afternoon. All this 

 takes place as in Europe. I have seen 

 some varieties having the epistoma but 

 little emarginate make as many slaves 

 as others having it deeply emarginate. 

 At Mr. Tyson's (near Black Mountain, 

 at the foot of Mt. Mitchell) when a large 

 formicary of small sanguinca changed its 

 nest, the sanguinca almost entirely alone 

 transferred the subsericca. 



The latter, although more numerous, 

 were nearly all in the nest, and allowed 

 themselves to be transported quietly. 

 In the other removal which I witnessed, 

 the case was the same. This is very 

 striking, in America, on account of the 

 large number of slaves, which are as 

 numerous or even more numerous than 

 their despoilers. In the High Park at 

 Toronto I discovered, on the other hand, 

 a large colony of F. sanguinca com- 

 posed of numerous nests (more than a 

 dozen), built against trunks of dead 

 trees or by the roadside, and having not 



