88 



PSYCHE. 



I September — ()etnl>er iSS.^ 



of this system of glands unite on eacli 

 side, and the ducts resulting from their 

 union join the duct from system iii at 

 right angles, forming a cruciform figure. 

 The secretion of system ii is slightly 

 alkaline and leaves a fatty spot upon 

 the test-paper. Qiieen bees ha\e sys- 

 tem II similar to that of workers, but 

 in drones its place is occupied by a 

 mass of yellow fat-cells, which cannot 

 secrete and which the author follows 

 Pagenstecher in regarding as results of 

 degeneration. In the male of Botnbus 

 this system occupies nearly the whole 

 head, while in the females and workers 

 it is less developed proportionally than 

 in Apis. System n is present in 

 Psit/iyr/is, ]\fcgachile and CoeUoxys. 

 but absent in all other bees examined 

 by the author, e. g.. in Hylaens., DicJi- 

 roa, Dasvpoda, Andrena, Osmia. Ait- 

 thidiu7n^ CoUetcs, Melecta and An- 

 fliophora. 



System in consists of a pair of glands 

 in the anterior part of the thorax, each 

 gland having a reservoir, and each open- 

 ing by a duct which passes forward in- 

 to the head, the two ducts there uniting 

 to form the common duct of this system, 

 with which (as mentioned before) the 

 two ducts of system ii unite at right an- 

 gles to form a cross, the combined efl'er- 

 ent duct of systems ii and iii forming the 

 fourth, or anterior, branch of the cross 

 The secretion of the glands of system 

 III is slightly alkaline or neutral. In 

 queens and drones, particularly in the 

 latter, this system of glands is of similar 

 structure, but not so strongly developed 

 as in workers. The reservoir is diHer- 

 entlv proportioned in queen, drone 



and worker, but in the latter its capacity 

 is greatest. System iii is not as well 

 developed, relatively, in other bees as it 

 is in Apis. This system of glands is 

 described and figured by Spaulding 

 (Anier. nat., Feb. iSSi.v. 15. p. 113- 

 119), whom Schiemenz incorrectly 

 cites as Hyatt, but whose description 

 he rightly says "gives only the crude.st 

 outlines and even these inaccurately." 



System iv. described minutely by 

 Wolff and noticed by Graber, consists of 

 two glands, one on each side, opening by 

 a short duct upon the inner side of the 

 base of each mandible, and giving out 

 a strongly odorous and very acid liquid. 

 If a mandible is torn from a bee's head 

 the gland usually hangs to the base of 

 the mandible as a little sac. In i_|ueen 

 bees system iv is very strongly devel- 

 oped, in workers well developed, but 

 has suffered a degeneration in drones, in 

 which the gland, altho still present, 

 secretes nothing. System i\' is present, 

 more or less developed, in all bees. 



System v. which is not present mApis 

 vicllifica^ but exists in Bombus and 

 some other genera, consists ot an im- 

 paired gland which opens into the out- 

 let of the common duct of systems 11 

 and in. This system was not very fully 

 studied by the author, its function prob- 

 ably being only that of lubrication. 



In stn(l\ ing the development of these 

 glands, which he considers at length. 

 Schiemenz shows that systems 1 anil \\ 

 are entirely new formations from epi- 

 dermal invagination, system in is partly 

 de\eloped from the silk-glands of the 

 lar\a. and systems 11 and v' are deri\ed 

 later from the duct of system in. 



