,\iii»"ust — Se|iteinbcT 1SS4. " 



PSYCHE. 



201 



species of Vanessa, Argynnis, Mcli- 

 taea, Arctia^ etc. I have found this also 

 very striking in Papilio luachaoii, a 

 specimen of wlilch. now in niv collec- 

 tion, has a distinct black spot in the first 

 vellow area at the tip of the left front 

 wing, while, as nsual, there is no such 

 spot on the right wing. 



In how diverse a manner nature works, 

 moreover, in the diflereiit animals of 

 one and the same species, in animals 

 which are sought for as so-called varie- 

 ties, a striking proof is given bv collec- 

 tions which contain often ten or twelve 

 or even more specimens of one and the 

 same animal. How long one has to 

 hunt among duplicates in order to find 

 two buttertiies wliich are perfectlv alike ! 

 This field of inquiry has interested me 

 to an unusual degree for a long time 

 and I iia\e had the good fortimc to ob- 

 tain man\' interesting results in it. 

 Here again Papilio inachaou. Arctia 

 caja, different noctuids and geometrids 

 (for instance, Abraxas £'ross/f/ariala) , 

 have excited my special delight by their 

 peculiarly diverse clothing. 



But the so-called gynandiomorphs, 

 especially those of the lepidopteia. are 

 vet far more remarkable. As is well 

 known, these are animals which show 

 the coloration and structure of one sex 

 on the riglit wings, and those of the 

 other sex on the left wings. Of course 

 these can only be observed in such ani- 

 mals as show some kind of difference 

 between the coloration and shape of the 

 v\ings. or the form and structure of the 

 antennae, in the two sexes. A few 

 years ago a g\ nandromorph of Endro- 

 mis versicoloya was found liere in the 



neighboring village of Leina. This, 

 after various wanderings, is now deposi- 

 ted in the Natural history museum at 

 Altenburg. Gynandromorphs of Ocne- 

 ria dispar, SnieriiitliKS popiill., etc.. 

 are not very rare. 1 had an opportunity 

 this spring of adding a partial gynan- 

 dromorph to my ov\ n collection. I oli- 

 tained from a pupa of Aglia tan, the 

 "Nagelffeck," a specimen which had 

 one antenna male, the other female, that 

 is to say, one filiform, the other pecti- 

 nate. In its other characters, especially 

 in the coloration of the wings, the speci- 

 men appears throughout to be a female. 

 Finally some attentimi may be be- 

 stowed upon crippling among insects. 

 My few obser\ations again concern the 

 butterffies. Mutilations often occur in 

 these on one side only, and on account 

 of this imtoitunate circmnstance the 

 specimen which had Ijeen so carefully 

 nursed as larva and pupa is entirely 

 useless for the collection, and is ill- 

 iiumoredly thrown aside by the raiser 

 unless it is kept in spirits to furnish 

 occasion for sulisequent observations. 

 The collector is still more displeased 

 with those specimens which have the 

 wings of both siiles crippled. Even if 

 such specimens are not well suited for 

 breeding purposes, and so deny \arious 

 uses to the one who has raised them, 

 yet for other reasons I should not want 

 to condemn such a specimen without 

 further consideration. In spite of all 

 apparent irregularity, nature often works 

 quite regularly, as is well shown bv 

 the annexed figure. This specimen was 

 going to be thrown away together with 

 several other cripples, when Mr. Reich- 



