202 



FSrCHE. 



; Ausiist — Septcinhcr 1S.S4. 



eit. of Leipzisi^, who had raised it. 

 recognized its woiidcrtuUy regular crip- 

 pling, and of course spread the specimen 

 and so made clearly manifest that per- 

 fectly symmetrical incision in the fore 

 and hind wings, 'i'iu- undulate nerves 



Fig. 12. Deformed Aporia crolaegi.^ 



of the wings of this specimen appear 

 remarkable at the same time, as the 

 figure represents. Aporia crataegi. 

 \vhich is the butterflv mentioned, is a 

 well known species, so that I need not 

 sav nincii about it. The caterpillar, 

 which is found moderately eommon in 

 this vicinity, lives especially on Cratae- 

 gus oxyacant/ia. Primus spiiiosa and 

 P. domestica, species of Pyriis. etc. 

 At the end of five or six weeks from 

 the time of hatching of the eggs, the 

 caterpillar pupates by fastening its anal 

 extremity and then maintaining itself in 

 a horizontal position by means of a thin 

 thread around the thorax. After four- 

 teen days more the butterfly emerges. 



It seeined that it would be interesting 

 to ascertain the cause of these regular 

 notchings, and so we found in the pup.i- 

 case from which this l)utterfly came, that 

 the thoracic girdle had been drawn 

 exceedingly tense, and so lirnih'. besides, 

 that a sort of depression was to be found 



* We are indebted to Mr. Otto Ileiileinann, xyloyra- 

 pher in the U. S. Department of agriculture, for llis 

 generosity in transferring this illustration to wood, and 

 enjjravinff it. [Eds.] 



in the pupa. From this observation it 

 is easy to conclude that this was the 

 cause of the mutilation that has been 

 mentioned, and ^ince the continuous 

 pressure was here a perfectly imiform 

 one, the irregular development could 

 not but be perfect and uniform. Whether 

 such a mutilation can also be produced 

 artificially with this regularity might be 

 learned from oiu' investigations which 

 are to be instituted for the purpose. 



.\ single glance at a bee-hive will 

 convince one that there are many irreg- 

 ularities also in tiie colonies of bees. 

 The most regular structures made by 

 bees are tiie cells, which, as is well 

 known, are so arranged with matlu-mat- 

 ical exactitude as to accomplish the 

 most with the least material. Worker- 

 cells and drone-cells, botli of which 

 ser\e at tiie same time as iionev-cells. 

 are made in this way, but besides these 

 we find three other difl'erent kinds of 

 cells in the commonwealth of bees, of 

 which we may give the name of hold- 

 ing-cells to those which serve to fasten 

 the comb all around to the wall of the 

 hives or to the frames. They are usually 

 only two-thirds formed, the sixth or 

 both the fifth and sixth sides of the hex- 

 agon of the cell being wtuiting. Tiie 

 so-called transition-cells, which consti- 

 tute the intermediary lx>tween the large 

 drone-cells and the smaller worker-cells 

 in one and the same comb show still 

 greater irregidarities. They are in 

 shape from fotu- to nine-angled, tor tlie 

 most part enlircK out ol |)lace and 

 warped. I'ndoubtedh the last two 

 named kinds of cells, in spite of their 

 irresiidaritv. demand our l"ulK"<t admini- 



