332 



rsrcHE. 



[Octtiber — December 1SS5- 



tioii resultiiiLf from tlic siickiiiy action of 

 an animal, witiioiit l)cing cemented by 

 threads. In tliis sense some of tiie in- 

 sects included among the gall-makers 

 (cecidozoa) by F. Riidow (Uebersicht 

 der gallenbildungen, welche an Tilia, 

 Salix, Populus, Artemisia vorkommen, 

 nebst bemerkiingen zu einigen anderen 

 gallen : Zeitschr. fiir d. ges. naturvvis- 

 sensch., 1875, v. 46, p. 337-3S7) [p. 

 369] cannot be considered as such, but 

 Trachys minuta Fabr. and Phyllotonia 

 microcephala Klug must rather be desig- 

 nated as miners. The resinous galls*aIso, 

 which are included among the galls by 

 Haimhorien, in his Beobachtungen liber 

 die mengeund das vorkommen der pflan- 

 zengallen und ihre specielle vertheilung 

 aufdie verschiedenen pflanzcngattungen 

 und arten (Verb. K.-k. zool.-bot. ges. 

 in Wien, 1S5S, v. S, p. 2S5-394), cannot 

 be placed there without a distinction, if 

 their method of formation presumes no 

 real reaction on the part of the plant 

 against the attacks of the enemy. There 

 belongs, for example, the "manna 

 tihal," which, a saccharine secretion, 

 serves as an abode and for the transfor- 

 mations of some coleopterous larvae, the 

 Larinus fnellijiciis^eckel and L. niacu- 

 latus Falderm., and which occurs not 

 uncommonly in Persia, on species of 

 Echitiofs.\ 



It is another matter, however, when 

 such formations arise only accessorily, 

 as for instance they are connected with 



* Cf. Kirchner^ Leop. Ant. Die harzgallen der niulel- 

 holzer um KapUtz. (Lotos, Jan. 1S65, v. 6, p. 9-13.) 



t Cf. //aM&Mry, Daniel. Note on two insect products 

 from Persia. (Journ. proc. Linn. see. Lond., 1S59, v. 5, 

 p. "Ti-'Sji fig-) 



the swelling of the wood in the case of 

 the efl'ect of Tortrix zcheaiia Ratz. 

 On the other hand, since the recently 

 published exhaustive investigations of 

 Graf zu Solms-Laubach and P. Mayer, 

 it can no longer be questioned, as it has 

 been repeatedly in the past, that the 

 caprificators belong to the cecidozoa. 



It has been asserted that the cecido- 

 zoa preferably or solely attack diseased 

 plants or parts of plants ; indeed Ratze- 

 burg goes so far as to set up the view 

 that tenthredinidac are purposed to 

 clear away diseased vegetal matter. 

 Every day observation teaches that 

 little weight is to be attached to gener- 

 al statements of this kind ; the branch- 

 es of oaks and elms, while loaded with 

 galls, show forth in autumn in the most 

 luxuriant green ! 



The list which I have planned is not 

 alone to comprise the palearctic ento- 

 mocecidia and their producers, but is ta 

 take into consideration also those of the 

 rest of the regions, so far as attainable. 

 At the same time the nimTber of plant- 

 galls as yet made known, which are 

 produced by exotic insects, from all the 

 rest of the geographical regions, is a rel- 

 atively very small one — with the single 

 exception of some of those of the ant- 

 arctic region, whose entomocecidia 

 have already been partly described in 

 nimierous North American periodicals 

 hard to get at. 



By the gradual publication of a com- 

 plete codex of entomocecidia I believe 

 I shall partiall}' supply the need of a 

 codex of zoocecidia in general, which 

 need has long been grcath' felt, and has. 



