334 



rsrcjiE. 



[October — December 1SS5. 



iincstis>-ations, and it is not onl}- of great fields of human investigation, botany 

 importance from a purely entomological and entomologv. But the study of 

 point of view, inasmuch as the rearing plant-galls has moreover a deep prac- 

 of galls yields insects which belong to tical interest in two other directions, in 

 the parasites and inquilines, which an industrial and agricultural regard, 

 could not probably be obtained in any An all-sided consideration of the subject 

 other way, but it is so also because it should not leave these sides of it un- 

 binds together inseparably two great attended to. 



ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARVAE 

 OF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS. 



BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEX, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



[Reprint, with slight amendment, ol an abstract with the same title, by Hermann August Hagcn ^Canadian 

 entoin., July 1SS5, v. 17, p. 136-137), of a review, by Friedrich August Wilhelni Thomas (Irmischia, 1SS5, v. g^ 

 p. 4- ), based on a record by Fritz Ludwig (Botan. centralblatt, v. 20, p. 356- ) of W : Trelease's "Notes on the 

 relations of two cecidomyians to fungi" (Psyche, Aug-Sep. 1SS4, v. 4, p. 195-200), Trelease's paper nothaving been 

 seen by Thomas.] 



Larvae of Cecidomyia living in the Italw The leaves of Tatiacctiim hal- 



spore-layers of nredincac are also 

 found in Thuringia, Germany. In fact 

 the discovery of the communit\' in the 

 same layer of two otherwise very difler- 

 ent parasites is at first somewhat won- 

 derful and startling. The right expla- 

 nation will be a double symbiosis of a 



sainita L. (Elba di Santa Maria) had, 

 in the Piiccinia tanaceti balsamitae 

 D C, many small red larvae of Ceci- 

 domyia. I am not of opinion that this 

 guard is of prominent advantage tor the 

 plant. The enormous numbers of the 

 spores of the rust-fungus will scarcely 



phanerogamous plant and a fungus, and be iliminished bv these larvae to any 



of a fungus and an entomozoon. Years extent, that the guard maybe consid- 



ago I received from Gotha such larvae ered to be a practical advantage for 



out of the rust-fungus of Rosa. A the plant. 



similar manner of living is known in The second point of interest in Mr. 



Germany for Diplosis co7iiophaga Trelease's paper is tiitit the larvae 



Winnertz and for D. caeomatis Winn, open the way for the fungus in the 



Their larvae were found by F. Loew plants. I mav state as an analogous 



in the rust-fungus of several plants fact, that here the pustulae and pocks 



(cf. Verb. Zool.-bot. ges. Wicn, 1S74, on the leaves of poiiiaccac, maile by 



p. 155- ). I am able to add two new Phytoptus., are not rarely tilled by 



facts. I found larvae of Cecidomyia fungi, especialh by the carbonized 



on Vaccinium uliginosum in the ones. The last plant I received by 



spore-layers of Tliccosfora 7?iyrtillii/a the late Alex. Braun, in 1S77. from 



Yi.s.xsten {Melampsora vaccinii Alb. et Blankenburg, Harz, was a Icafof 6""o/-- 



Schn.), on the Beerberg in the Thuer- hus auciiparia, with t'ungus immig- 



ingerwald. The other one was sent to lated in the galls of the mites. 

 me by Ur. E. Lcvier, from Florence, 



