Introduction to Animal Morplwlogy. 403 



ilight ; tarsus three-jointed ; abdomen nine-ringed ; the 

 seventh and eighth are short in the female, and covered by the 

 sixth ; posteriorly is a forceps of two incurved processes on 

 both sexes. The female incubates her eggs. 



Order 6. Orthoptera {Ray) — hemimetabolic, with no 

 pupa stage ; wings four, with reticulated costas ; when they 

 -are unequal, the fore pair is small, pergamentaceous ; the 

 hinder membranous, broad and longitudinally folded ; mouth 

 masticatory; mandible toothed ; maxilla overhung by a helmet- 

 like, outer lamella {galea), with 5-7-jointed palps ; labium 

 completely cleft, its palps three-jointed ; the eyes are large, 

 and there are usually 2-3 ocelli and many-jointed antennae ; 

 the salivary glands have a receptaculum and 6-9 glandular 

 pouches opening into the stomach. There are many short 

 Malpighian tubes, and the ventral nerve cord is sometimes 

 curved, and longer than the sessile abdomen. Some have no 

 bursa copulatrix, but often a two-valved ovhcapt hrme.6. of the 

 modified last abdominal rings ; larvae apterous, but wings 

 appear at the fourth moult ; tracheal gills or cerci anales are 

 often present. This polymorphic group includes the follow- 

 ing sections and families: — § i. Cursoria — running forms, 

 including : i. Blattidae — flat, oval ; head covered by the pro- 

 thorax ; antennae bristle-like ; tibiae spiny ; tarsus five-jointed ; 

 wing covers overlapping medially ; abdomen with 9-10 dorsal, 

 and six (female) or eight (male) ventral rings. In Polyzosteria 

 both sexes, in Heterogamia and Perisphaeria the females 

 •alone, are apterous. All but Blabera have a lobe between the 

 tarsal claws. Periplaneta orientalis is the common cockroach. 

 §2. Gressoria, walkers. 2. Phasmidae — body linear, rod- 

 like, with all the legs equal, and often lobate dilatations of the 

 femur and tibia ; tarsus five-jointed, with an accessory claw 

 between the two normal claws ; eyes semicircular ; upper lip 

 deeply notched ; mesothorax elongated ; tropical, walking- 

 stick insects. In Bacteria and Bacillus both sexes are winjr- 

 less. The male alone has wings in Cladoxenus, and both in 

 Phasma, Prisopus, and the leaf insect Phyllium. 3. Mantidae — 

 head free, vertical ; thorax and abdomen elongate ; wings 

 large ; front legs flattened, sharp, raptorial. Schizocephala 



2 D 2 



