468 Introdiich'on to Animal Morphology. 



covered with sucking hairs, whereby they can walk on 

 glass, &c. They have a stalked suctorial stomach, four 

 or five often uniting Malpighian tubes, no bursa copu- 

 latrix, often three receptacula seminis, and a footless larva ; 

 some are viviparous ; Miastor is said to be metagenetic, Chi- 

 ronomus is parthenogenetic. The aquatic larvae have tracheal 

 gills, and some have long breathing tubes. They are divisi- 

 ble into two series. 



Sub-order i. Pupipara — viviparous, the larvae born when 

 ready to become pupae. The thoracic rings fused ; labium 

 unjointed, antennae short, with a small knob, or two joints, 

 often parasitic, unwinged ; the abdominal ganglia are fused 

 into one, intestine long. The families are: — 2. Braulidae or 

 Bee-lice — wingless, with large eyeless heads, two-jointed 

 antennae, and five-ringed abdomen ; claws comb-like ; 2. Nyc- 

 teribiidae. Bat-flies — horny, with compressed, wingless, or 

 abortively winged, head cup-like ; halteres with a terminal 

 knob ; claws two-toothed ; base of the second pair of legs 

 with two comb-like organs; 3. Hippoboscidae — spider-like, 

 horny, flat-bodied, with large eyes ; halteres free, small ; 

 eggs few, hatched singly, and the young nourished by sucking 

 the secretion of the colleterial glands. Hippobosca, the 

 horse-fly, has no ocelli. Sternopteryx is found on young 

 swallows, Raymondia on bats, Melophagus on sheep. 



Sub-order 2. Ovipara — the female lays eggs, or larvae just 

 emitted from the ^%%. These form two sections : — § i . Coarc- 

 tatoe. The pupae form within the larval integument, which 

 hardens into a pupa shell. The families included are: — 

 I. Stratlomyidae — antennas three-jointed; proboscis with a ter- 

 minal fleshy lip ; larvae often with radiant cerci anales ; heads 

 often spiny, abdomen 7-8 (Xylophaga, &c.), or five-ringed 

 (Stratiomys, &c.) 2. Syrphidae — antennae three-jointed, with 

 single end joint, proboscis as last ; fouith costa of wing 

 simple, not forked as in last. 3. Conopidae — head with large 

 eyes, thread-like proboscis ; halteres free ; wings long ; para- 

 sitic on other insects, Myopa and Conops on bats. 4. Muscidse 

 flies — antennae three-jointed, with an end bristle ; larvae soft, 

 with two protrusible lips ; two horny jaws ; ocelli distinct ; pro- 

 boscis with a fleshy end-lip ; palps one-jointed ; abdomen five- 

 ringed — a very numerous family. One species of Tachina 



