Introduction to Animal Morphology. 409 



IS parasitic on earwigs. Sarcophaga carnaria is the flesh-fly ; 

 M. domestica, the house-fly ; Calliphora vomitoria, the blow- 

 fly, Lucilia Csesar, the gold-fly, with glistening emerald green 

 wings ; Glossina morsitans, the Tsetze of Africa ; Anthomyia 

 and Scatophaga are the dung-flies. About 8000 species of flies 

 are known. 5. CEstridoe, Gadflies : bots — antennae short, wart- 

 like, with a naked arista ; proboscis rudimental ; larvee with 

 recurved hooks on the edges of their wings. The eggs of 

 Gastrophilus equi, laid on horses, &c., are licked by them, 

 and develop in the digestive canal. Hypoderma, the deer 

 and ox bot, has no larval hooks. 



§ Obtectse — pupa inclosed in a separate case, like that 

 of Lepidoptera. These form two sub-sections : — i. Brachy- 

 cera, with short antennae, not more than three-jointed, of 

 which, however, the last may be complex. This includes two 

 groups, one with the proboscis short, the other (Brachysto- 

 mata); the other with it long (Tanystomata). The former 

 includes five families: — i. Scenopinidse : Window-flies — 

 abdomen flat ; maxillae rudimental ; larvae thread-like. 2. Pla- 

 typezidae — legs short ; pulvilli two ; found in mushrooms. 

 3. Dolichopodidae — long-legged; pulvilli three. 4. Leptidae — 

 maxilla and epipharynx free ; larva with two anal breathing 

 tubes. 5. Therevidae — tarsus with two pulvilli ; pupa spiny. 

 Group 2. Tanystomata — i. Asilidse — elongated; head ap- 

 pendaged. The united mandibles and epipharynx form a 

 piercer ; maxilla sharp ; labium pointed ; tarsus with two 

 pulvilli. 2. Empidae — head small; proboscis variable in 

 length, when long turned downwards, and with no terminal 

 valve ; piercing organ as in the last, but finer ; abdomen 

 eight-ringed; halteres uncovered. 3. Bombiliidce — antennas 

 long, three-jointed, sometimes far apart ; eyes large, conni- 

 vent in the males ; proboscis sometimes as long as the 

 body, with bristle-like piercers ; abdomen often woolly, 6-7- 

 ringed; larvae parasitic on other insects, in whose nests they 

 live ; pupae with hook-like bristles. Bombylius is like a bee. 

 Nemestrina has a proboscis four times the length of the 

 body. 4. Tabanidae — antennae with three joints, annulated, 

 often divided ; eyes often bright coloured ; mandibles pre- 

 sent only in the blood-sucking females ; the half tubular 



