4IO Introduction to Animal Morphology. 



labrum and epipharynx act as sucking organs. Hadrus 

 pierces the human skin deeply (Brazil). 5. Inflata — head 

 bent down, small, entirely occupied by the eyes ; thorax 

 and six-ringed abdomen large inflated ; proboscis variable, 

 sometimes longer than the body, and turned under the 

 thorax, or absent ; palps rudimental. 



Sub-section 2. Nematocera — antennae six-, or more-jointed. 

 This includes two families : — 6. Culicidae : Gnats — proboscis- 

 long, thread-like; mandibles and maxilla free. The females 

 alone sting, and the irritating fluid supposed to be instilled 

 is the saliva. The pupa can move, and has thoracic breath- 

 ing tubes ; the larva has an anal air tube. 7. Tipulidas : 

 Crane-flies — proboscis short, fleshy ; maxillae fused with the 

 labium, often also with the labrum ; antennae often plumose 

 in males ; wings usually long and small ; the larva of Core- 

 thra has thread-like anal gills, four dorsal gill vesicles on the 

 back, and no fatty bodies. Ctenophora has in the male 

 comb-like teeth on the antennae. Tipula has very long legs. 

 The larvas of Sciara sometimes wander in quantities in damp 

 ground, following each other in chains. Cecidomyia cereale 

 is the Hessian fly, which destroys grain. Heteropeza (Miastor) 

 is the form in which Metagenesis is described. The larva of 

 Ptychoptera has a long cephalic breathing tube. 



Order 12. Lepidoptera — wings four, covered with small, 

 coloured, imbricated scales ; mouth suctorial ; thoracic rings 

 united ; maxillae united, elongated as a spiral antlia or 

 suctorial tube, spirally rolled when not in use. The labrum 

 and mandibles are aborted, and the labium is modified. The 

 antenna is many jointed, club-like, filiform, or pectinate; 

 eyes large ; ocelli two or none. The maxillary palp is short, 

 two-jointed, but the labial is always large. The prothorax is 

 collar-like ; the wings are radially veined. They have a suck- 

 ing stomach, a ponvoluted intestine ; six malpighian tubes, 

 three of which may open together. The ovaria are usually four 

 tubes, with a receptaculum, and a large bursa copulatrix. The 

 larvae are coloured, often hairy, with 5-6 ocelli on each side, 

 and prolegs behind the six anterior. There are never prolegs on 

 the first, second, seventh, or eighth abdominal segments, so 

 there may be only 5-7 pair. The pup^e are obtected ; but 



