Litroduction to Animal Alorphology. 411 



the angular chrysalis case is marked with surface lines, isolat- 

 ing areas called Opthahno-, Ptero-, Podo-, and Cerato-thecce. The 

 surface scales have a short, easily broken pedicle of attach- 

 ment. A natural classification of the Lepidoptera is a desidera- 

 tum ; but they are often grouped, according to size, into Micro-, 

 and Macro- lepidoptera. The former are minute, with bristle- 

 like antennas, often pectinate in the males, diurnal or nocturnal, 

 with naked or sparsely-haired cocoon-spinning larvae, with 4-5, 

 rarely three, pair of prolegs. Another method of division is into 

 Rhopalocera, or those with the antennae club-like, and Hetero- 

 cera, with variable antennae. The families are: — i. Ptero- 

 phoridas — legs long ; wing slit into feather-like plumes ; 

 larvae with five pair of prolegs. 2. Tineidae — labial palps 

 long, scaly ; maxillary often long, many-jointed, very often 

 linear, pointed, or fringed ; larvae tubicolous ; live on buds 

 and branches (Lithocolletis). Tinea pellionella (clothes moth) 

 and sarcitella live in woollen fabrics ; T. uvella in grapes ; 

 T. granella in corn. The females of some are wingless. 

 3. Tortricinidae — proboscis short; larva with five pair of pro- 

 legs, living in rolled up leaves. 4. Pyralidae — with large labial 

 and maxillary palps ; hinder wing with, at its border, a 

 bristled retinaculum. The Macro-lepidoptera have large 

 broad, or long narrow wings, and are nocturnal, crepuscular, 

 and diurnal forms. The nocturnal have the wings expanded, 

 one colour predominating ; when at rest roof-like, or rolled 

 in to the body; larvae with 2-5 pairs of prolegs. 5. Pha- 

 laenidae — ocelli none; body slender; antennae bristle-like, 

 or pectinate ; proboscis small ; wings delicate, with a retina- 

 culum, caterpillars with 2-3 pair of prolegs. The larva of 

 Apterus betularius, causes the tufts on birch trees. 6. Noc- 

 tuidae — body short, thick, conical ; proboscis long, and palps 

 large ; fore-wing small, with two distinct spots ; hinder joined 

 to fore by a retinaculum ; tibia spurred ; larvae usually naked. 

 There are three types: — i. Geometriformes often diurnal, 

 with broad wings ; larvae with rudimental abdominal feet. 

 2. Noctuinae with naked larvae. Trachea piniperda de- 

 stroys pine trees. 3. Bombyciformes — with hairy caterpillars. 

 7. Bombycidae — body thick, woolly; antennae shortly pecti- 

 nate ; proboscis weak ; wings sometimes absent (Psyche), or 



