412 Introduction to Animal Morphology. 



abortive (Orgyia) in the females ; caterpillars with five pair of 

 prolegs, naked or hairy. Those with no retinaculum are 

 Saturnia, Bombyx, the silk-worm moth, &c. ; those with a 

 retinaculum are Psyche, the female of which lives in a spi- 

 rally coiled caddis-like case, &:c. Allied hereto are the Cossi, 

 wood-borers, with no ocelli ; wings closely scaly, the front one 

 much the larger ; and Hepialus, with equal long-pointed 

 wings ; found on the root of the hops. There are two fami- 

 lies of Crepuscular Lepidoptera. 8. Chelonaridse — antennae 

 clavate, often pectinate in males ; proboscis spiral ; wings 

 small, the foremost often spotted, with a retinaculum ; ocelli 

 rarely absent (Glaucopis). 9. Sphingidae — antennae prisma, 

 tic, three-angled, thin at the point; body fusiform, often 

 brightly coloured ; fore-wing large, triangular, hinder short ; 

 larvae with five pair of prolegs, smooth, with a horn above the 

 anus. IMacroglossa is truly diurnal. Acherontia, the death's 

 head moth, is so called from the skull-like figure on the 

 back. The diurnal forms are rhopalocerous — having hairy, 

 clavate antennae ; they have no ocelli ; large wings, brightly 

 coloured on both sides, vertically folded on the back when at 

 rest ; the larvae are often spiny ; the pupae are flat, angular, 

 with no cocoon. The families are : 10. Hesperidae — larvae in 

 rolled up leaves ; imago small ; thick-headed ; with two pair 

 of spurs on the hind leg ; wings small and thin. 11. Papilio- 

 nidae : Butterflies — wings large, hard, usually of equal breadth, 

 and with no retinaculum. This large family has been divided 

 into two groups : i . Succincta — pupae with the head directed 

 upwards, surrounded by a sling : this includes — § i . Equi- 

 tes — hind-wing usually tailed ; fore-wing with four costae 

 on the inner side of the discoidal space. The females of 

 Parnassius have at the distal end a pouch, formed of the 

 hardened cases of adherent spermaphores. § 2. Pierines — 

 fore-wing with three longitudinal costae ; hind-wing not 

 tailed. Ageronia has rudimental fore-legs. Group 2. Sus- 

 pensas — pupae suspended by a thread, with the head down- 

 wards. § 3. Danainae — fore-legs rudimental; palp diver- 

 gent, short. § 4. Heliconinae — fore-legs rudimental; palp 

 longer than head, divergent. § 5. Acraeinae — fore-legs per- 

 fect : palp divergent. § 6. Nymphalinae — fore-limbs rudi- 



