41 8 Introduction to Animal Morphology. 



pressed; labrum distinct; legs with linear tibiae; prothorax 

 with a chin process, directed forwards, and a basal spine 

 fitting into a groove in the mesothorax ; by this they can 

 spring when laid on their back. Pyrophorus noctilucus is 

 the firefly, emitting light from two spots on the thorax. The 

 larva of Agrites segetum is the wire-worm dreaded by agri- 

 culturists. 43 Cebrionidae — mandibles sickle-like; legs 

 fossorial ; prothoracic process bent upwards ; larvae like 

 those of last. 44. Rhipiceridae — antennae between the eyes. 



45. Cyphonidae — mandibles short ; ligula membranous, large. 



46. Malacodermata — soft-skinned, leathery ; females often 

 wingless ; mandibles short ; tibiae rarely with a terminal spine ; 

 this includes Lampyris, the glow-worm. The light-organ 

 consists of a delicate-walled capsule, including polygonal 

 cells, inclosed in a finely granular mass, and situated in the 

 abdomen. The luminous rings are clear, waxy-like externally. 

 Lamprocera, from S. America, has feeble light organs. Phos- 

 phaenus has both sexes wingless. 47. Cleridae — moderately 

 large, with slender body, and membranous or horny ligula. 

 48. Xylophaga, wood-borers — cylindrical ; head often co- 

 vered by the neck-shield. Lymexylon navale is destruc- 

 tive to oak woods. Anobium pertinax, the " death-watch," 

 makes its sound by striking with their jaws against wood- 

 work ; Ptilinus pectinicornis bores in books ; Ptinus fur, the 

 herbarium beetle, devours dried plants. 



Order 14. Hymenoptera — wings four; naked, membra- 

 nous, few-veined ; fore pair larger ; prothorax small, annu- 

 lar, as in Lepidoptera and Diptera, united with the 

 mesothorax on the dorsal side, while its ventral part, which 

 articulates with the head, remains free ; females with an 

 ovipositor ; head free, with two large compound eyes, and 

 usually three frontal ocelli ; mandibles strong ; maxillae and 

 labium united, and sometimes extended as a proboscis ; both 

 pair of maxillae are freely articulated, allowing of their retrac- 

 tion ; and the mentum is smaller than the palpigerous region 

 of the labium ; paraglossae are also often largely developed ; 

 the antennae often consist of a basal scape, and a terminal 

 funiculus of ii-i2-jointed linear joints, or may be of many 



