TRACHEATA 351 
pro-legs as a rule terminate in a ring or semicircle of chitinous 
hooks. The larval life may endure from a couple of weeks to 
three years; it is followed by the quiescent 
pupa stage. 
The pupa may be suspended by the hind- 
most pro-legs, and this position may be rendered 
the more secure by a rope of silk round the 
thorax, as in Pieris, or the pupa may be 
enclosed in a silken cocoon, as in the silk- 
worm, or simply buried in the earth, as in the 
Sphingidae. The pupa has the hmbs of the 
insect enclosed in a common covering, and is 
hence known as a pupa obtecta, as opposed pyc, 201.—Cocoon 
to the pupa Libera of the Coleoptera, in which of Bombyx mori. 
the limbs stand out freely from the body. 
The Lepidoptera may be divided into two sub-orders : 
Sub-order 1. Microlepidoptera. 
CHARACTERISTICS.— These are usually very small and delicate 
moths, with, as a rule, long setiform antennae. The cater- 
pillar has eight pairs of legs, terminating in a circlet of hooks 
—“ pedes coronatt.” 
They are as a rule secluded during daylight. Many of 
their larvae burrow in the mesophyll of leaves or buds, or form 
tubular cases by rolling the leaves together. 
The following families may be mentioned : 
Family 1, PTERoPHORIDAE.—Small moths with a long 
slender abdomen and long legs. Their wings are hairy, the 
anterior pair are usually more or less cleft, and the posterior 
pair are divided almost to their base into three (Pterophorus), or 
into six (Alucita), separate lobes. They form no cocoons, but 
the larva attaches itself by its tail to some leaf or twig, sheds 
its skin, and becomes a pupa. 
Family 2. TinerpAr.—tThis is a very numerous family. 
The Tineids have bristle-like antennae. Both the maxillary 
and labial palps are well developed. The narrow wings are 
frmged with hairs. Many of the larvae burrow in leaves, 
others live together in nests, and they usually spin slight 
