ZOOLOGY 
Los) 
unr 
ie) 
silken cocoons. Many of them are destructive: 7’inea sarcitella 
is the clothes moth, 7. tapezella the fur moth, 7. granella lays 
its egg in grains of corn and the caterpillars devour the grain. 
The genus Solenobia is parthenogenetic. 
Family 3. Torrricipar—tThe leaf-rollers have short palps 
and oblong anterior wings. They are as a rule larger than the 
Tineids. The moths fly at night, and lay their eggs on the 
buds of the trees, which are attacked by their larvae. The 
caterpillars roll the leaves into cylinders, and in these turn into 
brown pupae in silken cocoons. Tortrix viridana is common 
on oak-trees. Retinia buoliana attacks pine-trees. 
Family 4. Pyratmar.—The members of this family bear 
long slender palps. They are as a rule gregarious, and fly in 
the twilight. The larvae have a glassy appearance, and bear 
but few hairs. The female of one species, Aphomia colonella, 
creeps into bee-hives and deposits her eggs there; the larvae, 
which are found in great numbers, devour the honey, to the 
ereat detriment of the hives. 
Sub-order 2. Macrolepidoptera. 
CHARACTERISTICS.— Lepidoptera of large size, with a complicated 
system of nervures on the wings. The feet are generally, 
though by no means always, provided with a semicircle of 
hooks—* pedes sub-coronatt.” 
I, GEOMETRINA. 
Slender moths, whose large thin wings lie horizontally 
when at rest. The antennae are bristle-like, and in the male 
sometimes toothed. The caterpillars have a varying number 
of pro-legs, usually two pairs, and their manner of moving has 
given them the name of loopers. When at rest they fix 
themselves by the hindmost legs and raise the anterior half 
of the body; in this position they may remain for hours, when 
frightened they drop, but remain attached to their base by a 
small thread of silk. They either spin cocoons under leaves, 
or form brown chrysalids under the earth. 
Many are injurious to fruit trees, as Cheimatobia brumata, 
