TRACHEATA 361 
and each larva as it hatches out continues the recess into a 
long tunnel; in this way very peculiar markings are produced, 
which are characteristic of the various species. Bostrychus 
typographicus. 
Family CERAMBYCIDAE.—Often termed Longicorns, they are 
large showy beetles with oblong cylindrical bodies and long, 
usually eleven-jointed, recurved antennae. Their eggs are laid 
in crevices of the bark, and their larvae often bore passages in 
the wood; they may live one to three years, and then form 
a cocoon of chips near the mouth of their tunnel. Cerambyzx 
heros, Saperda carcharias. 
Family CHRYSOMELIDAE.—The leaf-beetles are oval in shape 
and convex dorsally; they are as a rule 
small, and of bright colours. The larvae 
have always three pairs of legs; many of 
them burrow in the soft mesophyll of 
leaves; they fix themselves by their hinder 
end to leaves before pupating. Chrysomela 
decemlineata is the Colorado beetle. Haltica Fic.204.—Haltica nem- 
nemorum, the turnip-fly, and H. oleracea, fly). (he aps 
which attacks cabbages, also belong to 
this family. 
Sub-order 4. Pseudotrimera. 
Family CoccrnELLipAE.—The lady-birds are hemispherical 
in shape, usually of a red or yellow colour, with a varying 
number of black spots. They lay long yellow eggs, usually in 
the proximity of plant-lice, which are eagerly devoured by the 
larvae when they hatch out. The larvae are soft-bodied grubs 
beset with tubercles; they attach themselves by their pointed 
tail to leaves, and cast their skin; this they do not throw off, 
but remain in it during the pupa stage (coarctate pupa). The 
beetles pass the winter under bark, etc. 
OrpER 6. HEMIPTERA. 
CHARACTERISTICS.—Jnsects with mouth parts adapted for pierec- 
ing and sucking, in the form of a jointed rostrum. Two 
pairs of wings, which may be alike or may be different. 
Metamorphosis incomplete. 
