380 ZOOLOGY 
slender and many-jointed; they are seldom elbowed. The 
ova are deposited on or in the bodies of caterpillars 
or the larvae of other Hymenoptera. The larvae are white, 
fleshy, footless grubs which feed on the organs of their 
hosts, commencing with the fat-bodies and other indifferent 
tissues. Rhyssaw persuasoria, which has an ovipositor three 
inches long, is said to bore through a considerable thickness 
of wood to deposit its eggs in the body of the larvae of Sirem. 
Ichnewmon laminatorius lays its eggs in the larvae of Sphinx 
pinastri, Aphideus avenae and Ephedrus plagiator in the bodies 
of Aphis. 
Family CHancipipAE.—This family includes numerous 
species of small size and of metallic hue. Their antennae are 
usually elbowed, and their wings devoid of veins. The differ- 
ences between the sexes are as a rule very marked. They lay 
their eggs in the eggs or larvae of almost every kind of insect. 
Some are parasitic in the parasitic Zchnewmons, others in the 
Hessian-fly and in Musca, whilst other species, as Preromalus, 
lay their eggs in the larvae of Bostrychus and Hylesinus, ete. 
A few species give rise to galls. 
Sub-order 3. Aculeata. 
CHARACTERISTICS.—TZhe female is, with few exceptions, provided 
with a stinging apparatus, or modified ovipositor, at the end 
of the abdomen, which is only protruded when in use. The 
abdomen is stalked. The male has, as a rule, thirteen joints 
in its antennae, the female twelve. Usually cells are con- 
structed in which the apodal and aproctous larvae are 
reared by the females. 
Group 1. FORMICARIAE (Ants). 
Ants have usually a small thorax, and, compared with the 
thorax or abdomen, a very large head. The first, or first and 
second abdominal segments form the peduncle. The antennae 
are elbowed, and have one more joint in the males than in 
the females. The wings, when present, extend beyond the 
abdomen, and they have few nervures. 
