164 A HISTORY OF RECENT CRUSTACEA 
creatures may be restrained under the influence of tho 
tender passion, for at the Hamburg Aquarium the late Mr. 
W. A. Lloyd observed the male Hupagurus Bernhardus, 
in the spring of the year, ‘ take hold of the shell in which a 
female was contained, and carry her about for weeks 
together, grasping the thin edges of the shell, and when 
the female was fed, the male did not take away the food as 
he would if a male one fed in his vicinity.’ Aristotle 
supposed that the Pagurids were generated out of earth and 
mud, and Gesner argues from this that he can never have 
taken a gravid female out of her shell, or he would have 
been disabused of his opinion by seeing the bunches of 
egos on the appendages of the pleon. Stalio says that the 
mother takes care to discharge the young ones in some 
place where they will have a good chance of finding shells 
appropriate to their size. According to Mr. Spence Bate 
it is not necessary for the mother to leave her shell in 
order to release the young, for when they issue from the 
egg they are ejected by the current of water that passes 
outward during the process of respiration. He reports 
that he had himself seen them thus ejected through the 
branchial passage under the wing of the carapace. The 
same writer quotes an interesting experience on the part 
of Mr. Gurney, who found in a capsule of Buccanum eggs a 
little whelk-shell, not larger than No. 5 shot, occupied by 
a young Hermit-crab about an eighth of an inch long, and 
in another capsule a second Hermit-crab of similar size, 
but not ensconced in a shell. Hence it appears that the 
instinct of seeking an extraneous covering is developed at 
a veryearlyage. In the earliest stages of life the Pagurids 
are symmetrical and therefore unsuited to the occupation 
of a spiral shell. It may not be possible absolutely to 
prove that in their later phases they have gradually 
acquired the formation that suits them to so peculiar a 
lodging, but it may at least be said that no other explana- 
tion looks equally probable. 
The genus Anapagurus has been already referred to as 
containing some British species. This genus and two others 
form a group by themselves, distinguished from HLupaqurus 
