EnnoKiAL, Ncurologv and Psychology. 195 



a given physiological effect. This method serves to define 

 the limits of special centres. 



A useful criticism of methods of determining the nature 

 and extent of functional (sensory) disturbance follows. 



Of the conclusions growing out of the extended and de- 

 tailed researches of these authors, the following resume must 

 suffice. 



Both schools of experimenters are partly right and partly 

 wrong. Localization is not possible in the arbitrary way at- 

 tempted by Munk, neither can it be denied so abruptly as by 

 Goltz. There are areas corresponding to the several classes 

 of sensations, but these cortical areas overlap to a very 

 great extent, so that injury to any part of the cortex may in- 

 duce disturbances of a large number of functions. There is 

 an inner nucleus or sphere for each sense, however, and 

 these are located much as indicated by Munk. 



Extensive cortical lesions produce changes in disposition 

 because of the loss of the normal association of percepts 

 and images in the soul. Of the two views, ist, that the 

 cortex contains centres for all mental manifestations, even 

 to the crudest sensations and motor impulses; and 2d, that 

 the cortex is solely concerned with concepts derived from the 

 sevei"al senses and voluntary impulses as well as memory and 

 attention, the authors seem to lean to the latter. The corpus 

 striatum is regarded as an integral part of the cortex as 

 much as the hippocampus. 



The attempt of Munk to substantiate a topographical 

 projection of the retinal areas upon the cortex is considered 

 contrary to the facts brought out and summarily dismissed. 

 On the other hand, it is concluded that the cortex contains 

 only centres of sense-perception with their correlated mem- 

 ory-images, while simple sensation and motor impulses are 

 located in the lower centres. 



One apparent contradiction involved in the localization 

 theory grows out of the phenomena associated with complete 

 removal of the hemispheres. Goltz succeeded in extirpat- 



