196 jouHNAi, OF Comparative Nei'koi.(){;v. 



ing both hemispheres of the dog and preserving the ;inimal 

 alive for fifty-one days after the operation. (')Tliere was a 

 complete loss of special sensation, though dermal sensation 

 was persistent and there was no muscular paralysis. A 

 touch was sufficient to awaken it fiom its lethargy, and loco- 

 motor coordination was not destroyed. Goltz claims that 

 this operation does not necessarily completely destroy vision. 

 When food was introduced far enough back in the mouth, it 

 was properly masticated and swallowed. Goltz concludes 

 that the disturbances following extirpation are largely due to 

 inhibition arising from degenerative changes in the tracts 

 injured. 



This view Wundt has used in an opposite way. After 

 repeating the experiments of Goltz, with his usual careful 

 analysis of technique, he concludes that many of the functions 

 ascribed by Goltz to inferior centres, are due to irritative de- 

 generation along the stumps of the severed nervous tracts. 

 His own experiments, he thinks, prove conclusively that 

 when such irritations are excluded, not only are the psychical 

 functions entirely obliterated, but the illusory appearance of 

 spontaneity and sensation disappear. Goltz's methods are 

 regarded as crude and unreliable. 



It would be unfair to neglect the older results of Chris- 

 tian! and Schrader. The former(-) removed both hemis- 

 pheres of the rabbit and concluded that under those circum- 

 stances the animal retained the functions of vision and hear- 

 ing as well as dermal sensation, though in a vague and feeble 

 form. 



A pigeon when deprived of the hemispheres seems to re- 

 tain many of the functions usually ascribed to the cerebrum, 

 and in lower animals it is still more difficult to determine any 

 definite localization of functions. 



The bearing of the progressive differentiation of cerebral 

 localization upon psychical evolution will be discussed in the 



1 F/liiger's Archie I'.d. 42. 1888 



2 Christiana. Fiir Fliysiologie iles Gehirns, 



