APPENDIX IV APPENDIX IV 
For example, more than one-half of the Soviet vessel tonnage 
consists of support vessels. In contrast, the tonnage of 
Japanese support vessels represents only about 20 percent of 
ses ac leer 
NMFS attributes Spain's low productivity to its large 
numbers of vessels in distant waters. Conversely, the high 
productivity of Norway and the United States is attributed 
to the fact that these nations fish from homeports and do 
not require numerous support vessels. 
OWNERSHIP, EMPLOYMENT, AND WAGES 
The fishing industry is composed of state fisheries and 
fishermen cooperatives. Both are owned by the Soviet govern- 
ment and are subject to government policies. State fisheries 
are the basic form of ownership in regions of the country 
where a labor force was once unavailable and it was neces- 
sary for the government to transport workers to the area. 
Also, state fisheries are usually established when large 
capital investments are required or when new fishing methods 
and vessels are introduced. 
Cooperatives once accounted for the greatest part of 
the Soviet catch but have become increasingly less important. 
Current statistical data showing the catch of state fisheries 
and cooperatives is not available. Data through 1968 is pro- 
vided below. 
Percent of harvest 
1940 44 56 100 
50 47 5S 100 
1960 70 30 100 
1965 HU 23 100 
1968 74 26 100 
The number of fishermen has remained relatively stable 
while the Soviet harvest has increased considerably. This is 
because the Soviet fleet has been expanded and automated. In 
1975 an estimated 750,000 people were employed in the fishing 
industry representing less than 1 percent of the total Soviet 
employment. The number of fishermen in 1974 was estimated to 
be between 200,000 and 250,000 people--about the same number 
aS was estimated for 1913. 
339 
