APPENDIX VI APPENDIX VI 
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conservation and utilization of whale resources, fixing (a) 
protected and unprotected species; (b) open and closed seasons; 
(c) open and closed waters, including the designation of sanc- 
tuary areas; (d) size limits for each species; (e) time, methods 
and intensity of whaling (including the maximum catch of whales 
to be taken in any one season); (f) types and specifications of 
gear and apparatus and appliances which may be used; (g) methods 
of measurement; and (h) catch returns and other statistical and 
biological records. 
Concern over whale stocks, particularly those in the North Pacific, 
led to a broadening of the scope of the International Whaling Commission; 
the failure of the quota system in the Antarctic during the 1950's 
having resulted in stock depletion and an increase in effort levels in 
the North Pacific. Despite the abandonment of the artificial BWU's as 
the basis for regulation and the adoption of quotas for individual 
species in 1966, the pattern of excessive overfishing in the North 
Pacific prevailed. This resulted in the U.S. Department of the Interior 
invoking the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 with the desig- 
nation of eight species of whales as "endangered." In so doing, it 
thereupon became illegal to import into the United States products manu- 
factured from these species. Since the United States was a significant 
importer of the world's whale products, the ban had a measurable impact 
on Japan. This pressure from the United States, and the passage in 
1972 of a ten-year moratorium on the hunting of whales at the United 
Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm, as well as 
the increased public concern over whale conservation, led in succeeding 
years to reduced quotas and the establishment of an International 
Observer System. 
In addition, at the 27th meeting of the IWC in June 1975, agreement 
was reached on the imposition of a selective moratorium, giving auto- 
matic protection to any stock of whales which falls below a designated 
level of abundance. And lastly, the decision to impose quotas by stocks, 
according to geographic area, rather than globally by species, was 
generally accepted. The remaining problem of allocation of catch (global 
quotas are established and national shares determined after Commission 
meetings) is yet to be resolved. 
Despite the fact that whaling is no longer an active industry in 
the United States (only Alaskan natives are engaged in whaling for the 
purpose of subsistence or creating articles of native handicraft), the 
United States has continually indicated its concern with the problem 
of whale conservation through its participation in the International 
Whaling Commission and the passage of such legislation as the Marine 
Mammal Protection Act of 1972. The latter will be amended by the 
Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (FCMA) so that 
Section 3 (15) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 will read: 
(15) The term "water under the jurisdiction of the United 
States" means -- 
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