XIV INTRODUCTION. 
de Sioux, Lake Miniwakan, Fort Union, Milk river, Fort Benton, and St. Mary’s Mission, and 
afterwards, during nearly four years’ residence on the western coast, at Forts Steilacoom, 
Vancouver, Dalles, and Boisé, as also at Port Townsend, and other points on Puget’s Sound. 
A very valuable collection made between St. Paul’s and Fort Union, on the Missouri, was lost 
in the Ohio river. 
The party under Captain McClellan was accompanied by Doctor J. G. Cooper, as surgeon 
and naturalist. The principal localities where collections were made by him were Vancouver, 
various points in the Cascade range, Spokane plain, and subsequently Shoalwater bay, where 
he resided several years. On his return to the east he also made collections at San Francisco 
and Santa Clara, California. 
Doctor John Evans, who accompanied Governor Stevens as geologist, also made collections 
in zoology. 
2. LINE OF THE 38TH, 39TH, AND 41sT PARALLELS, UNDER CapTaIn J. W. GUNNISON AND CAPTAIN 
E. G. Becxwitu.—This party was first 6rganized under command of Captain Gunnison, with 
Dr. Schiel, surgeon and geologist, F. Kreuzfeldt, botanist, and R. N. Kern, topographer. It 
started from Camp Shawnee Reservation on the 20th of June, and proceeded up the Sandy Hill fork 
of the Kansas; thence across to the Arkansas and up tothe Apispah. They next passed over to the 
Trincheres, next to the Huerfano, and over the mountains to Fort Massachusetts, by the El Sangre 
de Cristo pass. They next went through the Coochetope pass to Grand River of the Colorado, 
and finally, by way of the Wahsatch pass, nearly to Sevier lake. Here a portion of the party, 
including Captain Gunnison, Mr. Kern, and Mr. Kreuzfeldt, was surprised by a band of Pah 
Utahs and all killed. The command of the expedition then devolved upon Captain Beckwith, 
who proceeded to Salt Lake City, and thence in the spring of 1854, by way of Fort Reading, to 
California, and back to Washington. 
The principal points where collections were made by this party were the Arkansas river, the 
Huerfano, the E] Sangre de Cristo, Sahwatch, and Coochetope passes, Green river, Salt Lake 
City, and various points on the route to San Francisco. 
3. LINE oF THE 35TH PARALLEL, UNDER CapTain A, W. Wurrpte.—This party was almost as 
extensive in its organization and operations as that under Governor Stevens. For a time there 
were two divisions ; one under Captain Whipple, with Mr. H. B. Mollhausen as artist and 
zoologist, and Doctor Bigelow, "surgeon and botanist; the other under Lieutenant J. C. 
Ives, accompanied by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, as surgeon and naturalist. The party under Captain 
Whipple went from Fort Smith mainly up the Arkansas river, and across the Llano Estacado, 
via Anton Chico, to Albuquerque. Here it was met by Lieutenant Ives’ division, which had 
proceeded by way of New Orleans, Indianola, and San Antonio to El Paso, by the usual 
mail route, and thence north to Albuquerque. From Albuquerque the united party went to 
the Little Colorado by way of Zufi; next, by way of the San Francisco mountains, to Bill 
Williams’ fork ; down this stream to the Colorado; then up the Mohave, and across to San 
Francisco. 
The principal points where collections were made by this party were Indianola, San Antonio, 
Fort Clark, El Paso, Fort Conrad, various localities on the Arkansas, Zuii, Little Colorado, 
San Francisco mountains, Bill Williams’ fork, the Colorado river, and the Mohave. A very 
large collection of new and rare mammals and other animals in alcohol was lost on the Isthmus 
of Panama by an express company. 
4, CALIFORNIA LINE, UNDER Lieurenant R. 8S. WiiitAMson.—This party, accompanied by Dr. 
