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the species. It is frequently necessary, however, to take into consideration the age of the 
animal, as, in consequence of the different elements of the teeth not being parallel to each 
other, they vary in their respective distances with different degrees of attrition. Again: if the 
enamel coats the exterior of the crown, and on the grinding surface is studded with tubercles, 
when these are ground off, we may find an external frame of enamel enclosing a space of dentine, 
which, if the enamel has dipped down deep into its substance, may still retain islands of the 
latter component. This condition has given rise to much confusion, and added numerous 
synonyms to science, 
Most Rodents have the tibia and fibula distinct. In the Muridae and Leporidae, however, 
they are anchylosed below. All have clavicles, with a few exceptions among the Hystricidae, 
although in the hares they are very small. The normal number of digits is five to each foot; 
the thumb, however, is generally more or less rudimentary ; on the hind foot the whole five are 
present in most genera, though in some only four are evident ; and in others, as Dipus, Cavia, - 
and Dasyprocta, there are but three. All Rodents, but the cavies and hares, can use the fore 
feet as instruments of prehension in conveying food to the mouth. 
The intestinal canal is generally long, and provided with a distinct coecum, except in ile 
Myoxina, which is without it. None of cus North American Rodents, as far as known, are 
without a coecum. 
The systematic arrangement of the Rodentia, with its numerous pseudomorphous forms, has 
been a subject of much discussion among zoologists, whose views have varied materially, 
according as different characters were selected as the basis of classification. Mr. G. R. Water- 
house, however, has been most successful in furnishing a natural system by which the zoological 
peculiarities of different groups tally remarkably well with the chief points in their geographical 
distribution. The structure of the skull, and especially of the lower jaw, furnished him with 
characters readily appreciable. In Charlesworth’s Magazine, he arranged the Rodentia in three 
sections—Murina, Hystricina, and Leporina; in Johnston’s Physical Atlas, however, the more 
natural series is adopted of Sciuridae, Muridae, Hystricidae, and Leporidae. Geomys, previously 
placed by him among the Arvicoline section of the Muridae, he sets aside with Perognathus, 
Dipodomys, Saccomys, and Heteromys, as forming a natural group of uncertain position, and in 
the Natural History of Mammalia, gives them the provisional name of Saccomyina. In this 
I agree fully with him, the group having certain characters common to all, and exceptional to 
nearly all others. I would, however, raise it to the rank of a family, and as such, of equal 
prominence with the four first mentioned above. 
The characters of these groups are to be found in the general form, presence, or absence of 
cheek pouches; form of the tail; shape of teeth and skull, especially of the lower jaw, &e. 
They may be given briefly as follows : 
I. Lerorrar.—Incisors 4, molars => or $=, rootless. Skull with the two optic foramina 
united. The lower jaw with very flat r rami, whichware of great size; Symphysis menti nearly 
horizontal ; condyloid process very high and broad ; the coronoid represented by a mere ridge 
! Observations on the Rodentia, with a view to an arrangement of the group founded upon the structure of the crania. By 
G. R. Waterhouse. Charlesworth’s Mag. of Nat, Hist. IL, reo 90, 184, 274, 593. Also, in Annals and Meenas “of 
Nat. Hist. 
A Natural Eijatory. of the Mammalia. By G. R. Waterhouse. Vol. II, containing the order Rodentia, London, 1848, 
H. Bailliere. 
Table of the orders Rodentia and Ruminantia, Philology and Zoology, No. 5. In Keith Johnston’s edition of Berhaus’ 
Physical Atlas. Folio. Edinburgh, 1849. 
