No. 1.] ORIGIN OF HUMAN MONSTERS. 45 
exterior of the body, the edges of the opening often being 
rounded, that is, there has been an attempt to repair the 
wound. In other instances the whole brain has been de- 
stroyed and the medulla is markedly dilated and fills the 
whole of the stumpy head. In such specimens the face is more 
or less deformed and may be adherent to the thorax below 
without an intervening neck. So, with destruction of tissue, 
there is a slow and continued growth, for if there were not 
the chin and thorax could not have united. 
There are all kinds of deformities of the face, from a simple 
atrophy, in which the external features are obliterated, to 
atrophic jaws, deformed or closed mouth, hare-lip, absence 
of the neck, or ears, which are not developed, are deformed, 
pointed or displaced. Such changes could not take place 
without a marked destruction of tissue and an attempt at 
further growth, which is necessarily irregular. Probably the 
most pronounced of all deformities of the face are those asso- 
ciated with the eyes, and my collection contains one specimen 
without eyes (No. 285), one with the eyes deep in the head 
(No. 135), and one with cyclopia (No. 201). The last 
belongs to the wonders among monsters, which has interested 
the thinking world for centuries. 
In cyclopia the eye is in the middle of the face, is often 
partly double, the nose is above the eye, and the cerebrum is 
atrophic and usually single. Teratologists are in the habit 
of holding the single brain as primarily responsible for the 
condition, and I think they are right. We have seen repeat- 
edly that the central nervous system suffers very frequently 
in pathological embryos, and a slight atrophy or destruction 
of the front of the brain in an early stage (like No. 12) 
might easily end in cyclopia. We cannot admit, however, 
that the tendency to produce cyclopia exists in the ovum, nor 
that a close-fitting amnion did the mischief, as there is no 
evidence for these theories, and the facts are against them. 
If, however, the brain is malformed and the lack of correla- 
tion of growth of the parts does not push the frontal process 
down rapidly enough, the eyes move towards each other and 
unite. All this has been proved experimentally. 
