No. 1.] ORIGIN OF HUMAN MONSTERS. 65 
RUPTURED TUBAL PREGNANCIES. 
According to Williams,’ most of the ova in tubal preg- 
nancy are extruded through the internal opening into the 
abdonimal cavity, producing a condition known as tubal abor- 
tion. He collected the cases published by various authorities, 
and found that in 289 cases that were carefully reported 78 
per cent ended by abortion and 22 per cent by rupture of the 
tube. Among these there is a small per cent of normal 
embryos, and the fate of them has recently been studied by 
Von Winckel.? - Before considering Von Winckel’s report 
it is necessary to collect some data regarding the frequency 
of abortions of pathological ova and of monsters in uterine 
pregnancies. 
Williams states that ‘‘a conservative estimate would indi- 
cate that every fifth or sixth pregnancy in private practice 
ends in abortion, and the percentage would be increased con- 
siderably were the early cases taken into account, in which 
there is a profuse loss of blood following the retardation of 
the menstrual period for a few weeks.” I also find that 
Marchand* has collected the per cent of monsters from a 
number of writers; his figures are as follows: 
Beticr: Births. Monsters 
WB ieeiisstetn os tis slate kink Senter Genus 22,293 132 
12 E51 6) OWS) Sarr er ee ey ee er 772, 7 
PIG MEWIOREL fe. 2 Sar. wate tie eo 39,917 88 
MUR IIMG Se Nerney Suettart <t5 (Ghats eaprer ie 10,056 156 
NIV TSS Fae ne ee as oe a 8,149 232 
81,187 615 
*Williams, Obstetrics, p, 539, New York, 1903. 
*Von Winckel, Ueber die Missbildung von ektopisch entwickelten 
Friichten, Wiesbaden, 1902. 
®Marchand, Missbildungen, Eulenburg’s Real-Encyclopedia, Bd. 15, 
P. 439, 1897. 
