No. 1.] ORIGIN OF HUMAN MONSTERS. 67 
approach the proper number and per cent, but it will do for 
the sake of making comparisons. It appears, therefore, that 
in every 100 pregnancies in cities there are seven abortions 
and about one monster is born at term. It may be less in 
country districts. 
I have made no special effort to collect foetal monsters, but 
find that my collection contains seven monsters which are not 
included in the 163 pathological specimens mentioned above. 
I have been unable to collect any good data regarding the 
frequency of monsters in tubal pregnancy, but, according to 
Joachimsthal, they are very rare, and according to Leopold 
they are rare, while Martin and Orthmann, Ruge, Olshausen 
and Veit state that they are more common than in uterine 
pregnancies. It may be that the latter gynecologists con- 
fused early pathological embryos with older monsters, while 
the former did not, a line between them being difficult to 
draw, and, therefore, it is not frequently recognized. 
Von Winckel has done us a service in collecting those 
feetuses from tubal pregnancies which continued to live and 
were removed alive from the abdominal cavity. The foetuses 
which he considers must have been derived from the 4 per cent 
of normal embryos I have found in unruptured tubes removed 
in Dr. Kelly’s clinic. Ninety-six of the specimens were so 
markedly pathological and so far destroyed that they could 
not possibly have lived until the end of pregnancy. Von 
Winckel’s cases are especially valuable to determine the fate 
of the embryos that must have been normal before the tube 
ruptured, that is, during the first weeks of pregnancy. 
Von Winckel first gives the cases that have been published 
by others, as follows: 
Date. Author. No. Monsters. 
LOZOMPEVennIne FS Fis a. 150 2 and 6 compressed 
foetuses. 
Bod Orillard! ico. 6 (alive) 6 
Loos evens |... 25112). (257. 2G 
1891. Ktichenmeister ... 43 7, 
5 
