502 Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. 



shape, of facial expression, and of general human appearance. 

 The closer the analogy the stronger is the child's illusion that the 

 doll possesses a consciousness like her own. Hence the desire for 

 movable limbs and closing eyes. For the child the analogy of 

 shape is enough. For some zoologists the analogy of gross behav- 

 ior suffices. If analogy is to be used at all should not the analogy 

 be complete ? If the analogy is made complete the criterion of 

 consciousness will involve the possession of a cerebral cortex. 



One motive for assuming subjectivity in creatures like our own 

 bodies is the ease of description resulting from the use of subjec- 

 tive terms. The hypothesis is further fixed by our social instincts, 

 of pity for an injured fellow man, of gratification in his welfare, of 

 envy of his good fortune, etc., all of which states in him recall to 

 us the mental accompaniment which we would have were we to 

 experience them. The usefulness of the concept disappears when 

 we extend the theory to apply to the lower forms of animal life. 



Jennings- calls attention to Munsterberg's suggested criterion 

 of consciousness, namely, that consciousness exists where it is use- 

 ful to assume it in order to help us to understand and anticipate 

 the behavior of others. 



We do not speak of choice in inorganic manifolds for this would 

 be animistic. Water does not choose to run down hill rather than 

 up and an acid does not choose to combine with a metal. The 

 water and the metal follow certain physical and chemical laws and 

 to apply consciousness to them is improper. Yet when the proto- 

 plasm of a living organism contracts in one way, on being aftected 

 by a physical stimulus or a chemical reagent, rather than in an- 

 other, some scientists at least^ are willing to claim that these selec- 

 tive contractions and resulting changes of space relations to the 

 stimuli are evidence of mind in the organism. 



What is the meaning of the word selective as used by Morgan ^ 

 Certainly it means selective of the most favorable conditions for 

 the life processes of the individual and its community. Some 

 permanency of organization is a feature of living things. Dyna- 

 mic biology has only begun to solve the question how this structure 

 is maintained. The choosing of conditions is a factor in such 

 maintaining of organization. Bad conditions drive the creature 

 away while good conditions retain or attract it. It is adjusted so 



- Behavior of lower organisms, p. 335 ff. 

 ' Morgan and Romanes, e.g. 



