Washburn, Comparative Psychology. 515 



oscillations are not "trials" is to be found, Bohn thinks, in the fact that young 

 starfish show them to a much less extent than older ones; trials should diminish 

 with age. (h) The eyes are essential in phototropism; a starfish with one or more 

 eyes sectioned acts as if a black screen were brought near, that is, it moves toward 

 the wound, a tendency which conflicts in an interesting way with the general 

 tendency to move away from a wounded point, (c) The formation of habits in 

 the starfish is shown by the following observations. A starfish on a sunny bottom 

 far from any shade converges its arms towards the light in order to protect itself. 

 Those which live normally in sunny regions do this more readily than those which 

 are accustomed to be near shade which they can seek. Further, the starfish is 

 capable of changing the direction of its movement in two ways: by changing 

 the leading arm, and by rotating on itself so as to give its arms a new direction. 

 An individual may be taught to use the latter method by cutting off one or more 

 arms, or by repeatedly stimulating an arm. 



26. This paper contains notes on the reproduction of actinians by fission. 



29. This article is a more or less popular lecture by Bonnier on the habits of 

 the honey-bee, in which he maintains the singular thesis that individual bees have 

 no intelligence whatever; that intelligence is for the bee a function of the social 

 state, and that it is displayed to a marvelous degree bv a "secret committee" 

 which regulates the affairs of the hive. 



30 and 31. These articles by Mile. Drzewina will be discussed in connection 

 with numbers 62-67, as they are concerned with Pieron's ideas on autotomy. 



32. Here Drzewina shows that the fortnightly tidal fluctuations are repre- 

 sented by changes of phototropism in the laboratory on the part of the crab Cli- 

 banarius misanthropus. 



33. Carcinus mcenas put down anywhere on the beach will turn and make for 

 the water, even with eyes blackened, and with the wind from any quarter. This, 

 Drzewina thinks, is a case of attraction by humidity, and the influence of past 

 causes is shown by the fact that crabs from high levels are specially sensitive. 



34. 35, 36, jy. Faure-Fremiet in these articles first surveys the differentiations 

 of structure and of sensory and motor apparatus to be found in the Protozoa. 

 He then classes the reactions of this group under four heads: local and direct 

 response to stimulation, as the withdrawal of a pseudopod; more extended response, 

 involving a considerable portion of the body; general response, involving move- 

 ment of the entire body; and local but indirect response, such as the retraction of 

 the stem in Vorticella when another part is stimulated. In papers number 36 

 and 37 the reactions of Colpoda cucullus and Urostyla grandis are described, and 

 the attempt is made to show that they are the resultants of the various ciliary beats. 



39. Forel thinks the following fact shows that bees have memory for time. 

 Some bees learned to visit an out-of-doors dining-table at certain hours of the 

 morning and afternoon during which there were sweets on the table. They con- 

 tinued for several days to come at these hours, although the sweets were no longer 

 placed on the table; then gradually desisted. 



40. Hachet-Souplet suggests that we may be sure of the purely instinctive, 

 i.e., non-intelligent, character of an act when an animal persists in trying to per- 

 form it though one of the essential conditions for its performance is lacking, as 

 when, for example, a hermit crab tries to introduce itself into a smooth glass ball 

 without an opening. 



