BawnveEN, Pyschological Theory of Evolution. 253 
and every neurosis has its psychosis. According to the second 
theory every psychosis has its neurosis but not every neurosis 
has its psychosis. 
Psychical Psychical 
Physical Physical 
We may dismiss the latter view at once. It can readily 
be shown that the idea of the physical arises simultaneously 
with the idea of the psychical. These ideas arose together his- 
torically and they arise together in the development of the 
individual. Each gets its meaning in relation to the other. For 
this reason it is an historical fallacy to read back the meaning 
of the physical into a pre-psychical stage. Whatever existed 
before mind appeared, it cannot be what now we call matter, 
for our notion of what matter is has come entirely from its 
relation to mind. Whatever preceded the appearance of mind, 
therefore, is no more adequately described as physical than as 
psychical. 
Paychienl 
ys Physical 
This theory of parallelism, if it is to remain parallelism at 
all, reduces, then, to the theory of complete parallelism. Let 
us turn to the latter view. 
The theory of complete parallelism maintains that the 
physical and the psychical are two orders of reality which exist 
side by side without ever coming into any causal relation with 
one another. They constitute a dualism which runs through- 
out the universe, a chasm which science acknowledges she is 
powerless to bridge. But such a fundamental dualism in reality 
is a sign of false method in our knowledge. It is multiplying 
existences needlessly to suppose that there are two realms in- 
stead of one. Physical science is quite right in pushing so-called 
psychical energy over the edge of the universe. There is no 
need for postulating a second mode of energy which is called 
