256 JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY. 
main subject, which is a statement of the conditions and stages 
in organic evolution. The standpoint of the psychological 
theory of organic evolution implies, we have seen, three things: 
(1) evolution, (2) that the psychical is not a form of energy, 
but that it is a function, and (3) that wherever we have con- 
sciousness we have at least in rudimentary form the distinction 
between the physical as fact and the psychical as the meaning 
of the fact. The bearing of this on evolution may be summed 
up as follows: The whole universe may be viewed from the 
standpoint of structure or from the standpoint of function; that 
is, it may be viewed as fact or as meaning. Hence the evolu- 
tion of the universe may be stated in terms of function as well 
as in terms of structure, in terms of meaning or significance as 
well asin terms of fact of existence, in terms of psychology 
as well as in terms of physical science. That is, again, evolu- 
tion admits of a teleological as well as of a mechanical state- 
ment. The mechanical statement of evolution has been worked 
out by such writers as DARWIN and SPENCER. It is the purpose 
here to show some of the implications of the teleological or 
psychological statement of the evolutionary process.’ The dis- 
cussion, as has been said, will fall into two main divisions: a 
consideration (1) of the evolutionary conditions of the emer- 
fience of consciousness, and (2) some of the probable stages in 
the evolution of consciousness. 
That consciousness is coextensive with life will not seem 
incredible if we rid ourselves of the notion that all conscious- 
ness is of the human type and if we substitute the teleological 
for the ontological distinction between the physical and the 
psychical. - All that is claimed here is that in the lower types 
of consciousness there is some holding apart of fact and mean- 
ing, some projection of ends and the correlative means for the 
attaining of those ends. 
If the evolution of consciousness means anything at all it 
means that complex forms have evolved from simpler forms of 
1 We limit ourselves here to organic evolution, i. e., to the evolution of 
organisms. 
