458 Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. 



the decussation, the more indei3endently of each other the eyes will be 

 apt to move. 



As to the pupillary reflex, Dr. Harris finds (p. 139) that "in all 

 those animals in which there is a total decussation of the optic nerves 

 at the chiasma, only that pupil contracts which is exposed to light.'' 

 In such animals the course of the reflex is probably from the eye along 

 the optic nerve and tract to the anterior corpus quadrigeminum of the 

 opposite side, thence by Mevnert's fountain decussation to the nu- 

 cleus of the third nerve on the former side, and thence back by the third 

 nerve to the iris of the eye stimulated. In man and higher animals 

 where the pupillary reflex to stimulation of one eye is binocular (con- 

 sensual), the anterior corpus quadrigeminum of either side must be con- 

 nected with the third nerve nuclei on both sides. e. b. h. 



Le Bon, Gustave. Psychologic de I'Education. Pan's, Flantiimrioii, 1904. 

 (5. ed.) pp. 304. 



Le Bon's discussion of the psychological bases of teaching is of 

 interest to comparative psychologists, for he maintains that instincts 

 develop from conscious acts From this point of view all develop- 

 mental progress in the race, as in the individual, is conditioned by the 

 mechanizing of conscious activities. Education itself should be, iu 

 Le Bon's opinion, the facilitation of this process. "L'education est 

 I'art de faire passer le conscient dans I'inconscient." 



Le Bon's treatment of the psychology of instruction and educa- 

 tion makes clear the significance of studies in the development of ac- 

 tivity, and suggests to the comparative psychologist certain lines of 

 investigation which may yield results of practical importance in educa- 

 tion. R. M. \ . 



E. Bolnet- Les Doctrines Medicales, Leur Evolution. Bibliotheque de Phil- 

 osophic scicntifiquc, Flainmarion, Editeur, Paris, /goj. 



A brief account of medical doctrines from the time antedating 

 Hippocrates, through the Middle Ages, to Pasteur. The modern 

 theories of immunity and of infection, with their applications to therapy 

 and hygiene, are discussed. w. b. c. 



J. Hericonot. Les Frontiers de la Maladie. Bibliotheque de Philosophic '^'ci- 

 entifique, Flammarion, Editeitr, Paris, igoj. 



An interesting and important discussion of the borderland between 

 health and disease. The insideous beginnings of disturbances of nutri- 

 tion aud metabolism, of auto-iutoxication, of chronic infectious dis- 

 eases, and of attenuated forms of acute infections are treated in an illu- 

 minating manner. w. h. c . 



