166 CHARLES R. STOCKARD AND GEORGE N. PAPANICOLAOU 



as much and lived only one day. Although some young from 

 control parents do die shortly after birth, they are not so un- 

 usually small nor degenerate in appearance as the defective 

 young of the alcoholic lines. 



Another even more striking example of the small defective 

 animals appearing in the F^ generation is shown by the photo- 

 graph, figure 8. The two individuals in this picture were born 

 in the same litter. Their mother was a black and red animal 

 from four alcoholized grandparents and their father was a nor- 

 mal albino male, [(Ax A) (Ax A)] [N]. The F3 animal on the 

 left, No. 955, is an albino female weighing at birth 90 grams. 

 She is thus an unusually large animal to be a member of a litter 

 of three and is of the type of the normal albino father. Her 

 small degenerate brother on the right weighed only 38 grams at 

 birth, had a severe tremor which rendered him incapable of nor- 

 mal progressive movements, and he lived only two days. His 

 degeneracy and black and red color are both qualities for which 

 he was indebted to his alcoholic mother. A marked discrepancy 

 in either size or condition between two members of the same 

 litter at birth is entirely lacking among our control lines. It is 

 rarely so decided as this case illustrates, yet very frequent in 

 the alcoholic lines and particularly in the F2 and F3 generations. 

 A number of illustrations of this type could be continued to 

 show that the quality of the later generations from alcoholized 

 ancestors is decidedly subnormal. 



Such conditions as the above occur not only in spite of the 

 introduction of normal germ plasm which tends to overshadow 

 the alcohol effect, but also in spite of a rather harsh individual 

 selection which is at work tending to improve the stock with 

 each generation. Almost all of the badly defective individuals 

 in the alcoholic lines are lost early in their career, as is shown 

 by the high prenatal mortality; other less defective ones die 

 soon after birth, such as those pictured above, and only the best 

 live to become fertile adults. It is thus found that even this 

 selected group mated with many normal individuals still pos- 

 sesses enough of the modified germ plasm which resulted from the 

 early alcohol treatment to cause their offspring to be inferior to 



