The Structure of the Mammalian (sophagus. 5 
bichromate-sublimate mixture being used where a more detailed 
study of the glandular epithelium was desired. The entire cesoph- 
agus or a strip, after fixation, was cut into lengths of 1 cm. to 
2 cm., and imbedded in paraffin. From each of these segments, 
which were numbered consecutively from above downwards, sec- 
tions were made at intervals of one millimeter, so that all portions 
of the esophagus were examined. This method, however, did not 
exclude the possibility in the case of those animals where the results 
as regards the presence of glands were negative, that some glands 
were missed in the short unsectioned portions. Accordingly the fol- 
lowing method devised by Bensley was employed, where the material 
was available, to make preparations in toto of the layer containing 
the glands, staining the latter selectively so that every gland lobule 
in the wsophagus was demonstrated clearly. The cesophagus was 
pinned out on cork and placed in 70 per cent. aleohol for 24 hours. 
Then, after a further stay of 24 hours in 95 per cent. alcohol, the 
mucous membrane was dissected off, by dividing the tela submucosa 
earefully with a scalpel close to the muscular tunic. In this way all 
the glands come off with the layer of submucosa which remains 
attached to the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane is placed 
in water for one hour, then transferred to a mixture of one part of 
strong muchzematein (see Bensley, 03) and five parts of distilled 
water. In this staining solution the membrane remains for 48 
hours, after which it is washed in distilled water and transferred to 
95 per cent. alcohol containing two volumes per cent. of strong 
hydrochloric acid. In this solution the preparation remains until 
the glands stand out distinctly blue on a red background, when the 
preparation is washed in several changes of alcohol, dehydrated in 
absolute alcohol and cleared in benzole. Where the epithelium 
is thick, as in man, dog, ete., it stains so intensely that it interferes 
seriously with the transmission of light through the preparation. It 
is easy, however, to remove the epithelium by stripping off with 
forceps after clearing in benzole. By this means a preparation is 
obtained in which every gland of the cesophagus is clearly visible 
and their general relations to one another, the nature, course, and 
branching, of their ducts may be seen. Furthermore, in such prep- 
