26 Emil Goetsch. 
in the esophagus of the pig the division of the stratum corneum 
into two layers as in the sheep, and in the pig nuclei are more 
numerous in the superficial layers and less degenerated. ‘There is 
thus in these animals a very evident relation between the presence 
of glands and the degree of cornification of the epithelium, 
An interesting fact in connection with the structure of the pig’s 
cesophagus is the arrangement of the muscularis mucose. In the 
upper portion of the csophagus where the glands are abundant 
there is no muscularis mucose. It makes its appearance a short 
distance above the point at which the glands begin to thin out and 
is well developed in the lower half of the esophagus where there are 
few glands. 
Man. 
Much disagreement exists between observers as to the number and 
distribution of the cesophageal glands in man. According to Toldt 
(89) they are present in large numbers in the upper section of the 
cesophagus and are wholly wanting in the lower segment. Accord- 
ing to Klein (71) they are of rare occurrence. Kossowski (80) 
on the other hand finds them most abundant at the lower end of the 
cesophagus near the cardia. Dobrowolski (94) found that there were 
considerable individual variations, but that the whole number did not 
exceed two hundred, of which two-thirds were in the upper half of 
the cesophagus. The latter observer’s results were based on prepara- 
tions of the entire esophagus and his conclusions as to the indi- 
vidual variability are supported by the preparations which I have 
made by the method already outlined. The extent of the individual 
variations is well indicated by figures 15 and 16 which show the 
exact location of every glandular lobule in two human esophagi. 
One of these contained 741 lobules pretty well distributed over the 
whole cesophagus with the exception of a short area at the beginning 
of the esophagus and another near the cardiac end where the glands 
are relatively few in number. The other csophagus had but 62 
glandular lobules, 58 of which were found in a segment 4 em. in. 
length beginning 3 em. below the cricoid cartilage. In a third 
cesophagus there were 140 lobules of which 43 were located in a 
