476 Edwin G. Kirk. 
tive tissue. Toldt (’81, cat) describes a similar process in the 
pyloric region. ‘The process is wholly confined to the epithelial 
layer.”’ Patzelt (84) describes the same process in the formation 
of the glands of the large intestine. 
Group 2. Toldt(81 cat) working on the fundic region, and Ross 
(1903, pig), describes the rudiments of the glands as large, 
coarsely granular, eosinophile cells interpolated between the basal 
parts of the surface epithelium. Each divides into a cell group, 
which, by central liquefaction acquires a lumen, the latter sec- 
ondarily coming into communication with the surface. Toldt is 
sure these cells are of epithelial origin, but believes they at no 
time reach the surface, being always shut off from the latter 
by the overhanging distal ends of the tall pyramidal surface 
epithelium; he suspects that they arise from young Ersatzzellen 
His Ersatzzellen have almost certainly been shown by the work 
of Stohr (1882) and Bizzozero (1888) to be ‘‘Wanderzellen.”’ 
Griffini and Vassale maintain that Toldt’s figures and text har- 
monize remarkably with their own findings (V. supra), except 
that Toldt, through use of oblique sections, erroneously concluded 
that these primary gland cells do not reach the surface, and that 
their lumen is thus not at first continuous with the stomach 
lumen. Griffini and Vassalefound many such groups with lumina 
apparently shut in on all sides, but reconstruction always demon- 
strated continuity with the stomach lumen from the first. 
Group 3. Sewall (’78) believes that, once the original hypoblast 
has differentiated into ovoids (parietals) and central (chief) cells, 
new ovoids “‘originale’’ by differentiation of mesodermic corpuscles. 
In embryo cats (13 em) mesoblast cells are found, presenting all 
transitions from connective tissue corpuscles to parietal cells 
(Toldt says that Salvioli simply cut the eccentric parietals tan- 
gentially from adjacent tubules, and hence misinterpreted them to 
be cells lying free in the lamina propria). The reader must be 
referred to the recent work of Strecker (’08), which is too elab- 
orate to be reviewed here. His conclusions are diametrically 
opposed to mine. The diversity of these views as to the early 
formation of gland tubules make evident the need of further 
